Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever caused by the CCHF virus, a Nairovirus of the Bunyaviridae family, which can produce severe outbreaks with case fatality rates reported between 10–40% and sometimes exceeding 30% [4][5][6][1]. The disease was first described in the Crimean Peninsula in 1944 and recognized in 1969 as the same pathogen identified in the Congo Basin in 1956, giving rise to the current combined name [5]. The virus is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks—principally of the Hyalomma genus—and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates that do not develop apparent illness, a pattern that underpins the broad geographical distribution of the disease [6][1].
Disease overview
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
克里米亚-刚果出血热
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne viral illness caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and characterized by high case-fatality rates reported at 30% or higher [1]. It is monitored as an emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infection with a wide geographic distribution, and reported cases have appeared in new regions as tick ecology changes [2][1]. Source-backed detail on diagnosis, treatment, and many clinical subfeatures is not yet available in the provided material [1][3].
Read the full clinical and epidemiological profile8
The sources characterize CCHF as severe and associate it with case-fatality rates of 30% or higher [1]. They also state that humans develop severe illness, whereas CCHFV can productively infect many animal species [1]. Subclinical human infections are noted to be underappreciated and may account for a substantial proportion of outcomes, but the provided material does not specify a complete symptom sequence, timing, hemorrhagic manifestations, or complication profile [1].
Reported cases occur throughout Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and southern and eastern Europe, indicating a broad and multi-regional distribution [1]. The expanding range of the Hyalomma tick vector is placing new populations at risk, and the disease is described as being reported annually [1]. More generally, the source literature on vector-borne disease emergence links appearance and re-emergence to interactions among pathogens, hosts, and the environment, as well as to human population growth, urbanization, globalization, trade, travel, and close interactions with livestock [2]. The provided material does not quantify incidence or burden beyond these qualitative statements [1][3].
CCHF is described as a tick-borne illness, with the Hyalomma tick vector specifically highlighted in relation to expanding risk [1].
The most clearly supported risk context is exposure in regions where Hyalomma ticks are present or expanding, because new populations are described as being placed at risk as the vector range grows [1]. The sources also associate emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne disease with close interactions with livestock and broader environmental and demographic change, but they do not define specific occupational or demographic risk groups for CCHF in the provided material [2].
The available sources support prevention framing around vector-risk reduction and surveillance of tick ecology, because control efforts are linked to the difficulty of controlling tick populations and to identifying areas of transmission risk [3]. The literature also notes that awareness of diseases transmitted by ticks in specific locations is important for detection and response as tick-transmitted pathogens emerge in new geographic regions [3]. No licensed vaccines or specific antivirals are available according to the cited source, but detailed public-health prevention measures are not further specified in the provided material [1].
For monitoring purposes, CCHF should be read as a high-consequence tick-borne viral disease with annual reporting and broad but shifting geographic distribution [1]. Surveillance interpretation should pay attention to the expansion of Hyalomma tick range and to the possibility that subclinical infection may be underrecognized, which can make the full burden difficult to estimate [1]. The provided literature also emphasizes that tick surveillance and tracking help identify areas of risk for disease transmission, and that underdiagnosis remains a challenge in tick-borne disease surveillance more broadly [3].
- 1Hawman DW et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jul. PMID: 36918725. doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-00871-9.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36918725/
- 2Chala B et al. Emerging and Re-emerging Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases and the Challenges for Control: A Review. Front Public Health. 2021. PMID: 34676194. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.715759.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34676194/
- 3Madison-Antenucci S et al. Emerging Tick-Borne Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 Mar 18. PMID: 31896541. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00083-18.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31896541/
- 4World Health Organization. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever [Internet]. cited 20 May 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever
- 5World Health Organization. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever [Internet]. cited 20 May 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever
- 6Bente DA et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral Res. 2013 Oct. PMID: 23906741. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.006.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23906741/
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Reporting countries and regions
Trends by reporting country
Monthly patterns over time
Research Radar
Recent related research
Hepatic immunopathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: from acute liver injury to hypothesis-driven links with hepatocarcinogenesis
Exploration of Digestive Diseases
Viral dissemination and diagnostic insights from experimental infection of sheep with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
npj Viruses
Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in Humans and Domestic Ruminants, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians—Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Therapeutics
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Development of a non-infectious control for viral hemorrhagic fever PCR assays
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Literature links are provided for discovery and do not alter or validate the surveillance series above.
Data access
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Official sourcesAuthority, cadence, notes35
Austria AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases
Austria
AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Belgium Annual Baseline
Belgium
Belgium annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Bulgaria Annual Baseline
Bulgaria
Bulgaria annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Cyprus Annual Baseline
Cyprus
Cyprus annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Czechia Annual Baseline
Czechia
Czechia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Germany RKI SurvStat 2.0
Germany
RKI SurvStat national weekly notification export; raw ZIP exports are retained and recent weeks are overwritten for revisions.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Estonia Annual Baseline
Estonia
Estonia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Spain Annual Baseline
Spain
Spain annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — France Annual Baseline
France
France annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — United Kingdom Annual Baseline
United Kingdom
United Kingdom annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Greece Annual Baseline
Greece
Greece annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Croatia Annual Baseline
Croatia
Croatia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Hungary Annual Baseline
Hungary
Hungary annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Ireland HPSC Notifiable Diseases Hub
Ireland
Ireland HPSC national weekly notifiable-disease totals from the official ArcGIS FeatureServer. Internal ingestion is enabled; public release remains disabled pending written redistribution permission.
Iceland Directorate of Health Annual Dashboard
Iceland
National annual case notifications by disease. Published values can be revised retrospectively and remain annual period totals.
Iceland Directorate of Health STI Dashboard
Iceland
Monthly STI diagnosis facts from laboratory and registry surveillance; the official dashboard is published on a quarterly schedule.
Iceland Directorate of Health Respiratory Dashboard
Iceland
ISO-week respiratory diagnosis counts. Hospitalizations, samples, and vaccination indicators are separate measures and are not counted as diagnoses.
Iceland Directorate of Health Historical Registry
Iceland
Historical official registry tables for 1997–2021, with annual totals and disease-specific monthly notification facts retained at source grain.
Iceland Directorate of Health Legacy ICD Monthly
Iceland
Historical Saga EHR ICD encounter counts for 1997–2020. This clinical measure is non-comparable with registry notifications and is kept separate.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Italy Annual Baseline
Italy
Italy annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
JP NIID Weekly
Japan
Japan weekly infectious disease surveillance via NIID/JIHS.
Korea KDCA EID
South Korea
Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Liechtenstein Annual Baseline
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Lithuania Annual Baseline
Lithuania
Lithuania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Luxembourg Annual Baseline
Luxembourg
Luxembourg annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Latvia Annual Baseline
Latvia
Latvia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Malta Annual Baseline
Malta
Malta annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Netherlands Annual Baseline
Netherlands
Netherlands annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank
Norway
Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Poland Annual Baseline
Poland
Poland annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Portugal Annual Baseline
Portugal
Portugal annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Romania Annual Baseline
Romania
Romania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet
Sweden
Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovenia Annual Baseline
Slovenia
Slovenia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovakia Annual Baseline
Slovakia
Slovakia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.