Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an arboviral disease caused by dengue virus, characterized by plasma leakage as the main pathophysiological hallmark that separates it from uncomplicated dengue fever [2]. Rift Valley fever is an arboviral zoonotic infection transmitted by mosquitoes to ruminants and humans, caused by a Phlebovirus of the Bunyaviridae family [3].
Disease overview
Evidence-backed information EN 5/7 applicable sections · ZH 5/7 applicable sections Updated Oct 23, 2026
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a potentially fatal arboviral disease that has emerged as a major public health concern across tropical and subtropical regions [1][2]. It represents the severe end of symptomatic dengue infection, with plasma leakage distinguishing it from milder dengue fever [2]. Rift Valley fever is another mosquito-borne viral zoonosis causing hemorrhagic fever, with outbreaks recorded in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula [3].
Read the full clinical and epidemiological profile 6
Clinical manifestations of dengue infection range from mild fever to lethal conditions such as dengue hemorrhagic fever, with acute high fever, muscle and joint pain, rash, hemorrhagic episodes, and circulatory shock commonly described [1]. Severe plasma leakage can progress to hypovolemic shock, and liver involvement is frequent, with hepatocellular injury seen in 60%–90% of patients as hepatomegaly, jaundice, or acute liver failure [2][4].
Dengue hemorrhagic fever has become a growing global public health burden in tropical and subtropical areas, first reported in the Philippines in 1953 and subsequently spreading through South-East Asia and the Western Pacific [1]. It is among the most rapidly emerging infections affecting both rural and urban settings, with climate change among contributing factors [4]. Rift Valley fever is a major viral zoonosis in Africa that caused simultaneous outbreaks in Yemen and Saudi Arabia in 2000 [3].
Dengue virus is an arthropod-borne pathogen transmitted among humans principally by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes [1]. Rift Valley fever virus is transmitted to ruminants and humans by mosquitoes [3].
Control of dengue hemorrhagic fever relies on long-term policies to reduce global disease burden, with prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and active continuous surveillance of cases and vectors identified as essential determinants [1][2].
- 1 Parveen S et al. Dengue hemorrhagic fever: a growing global menace. J Water Health. 2023 Nov. PMID: 38017595. doi: 10.2166/wh.2023.114. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38017595/
- 2 Wang WH et al. Dengue hemorrhagic fever - A systemic literature review of current perspectives on pathogenesis, prevention and control. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Dec. PMID: 32265181. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.007. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32265181/
- 3 Flick R et al. Rift Valley fever virus. Curr Mol Med. 2005 Dec. PMID: 16375716. doi: 10.2174/156652405774962263. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16375716/
- 4 Leowattana W et al. Dengue hemorrhagic fever and the liver. World J Hepatol. 2021 Dec 27. PMID: 35070001. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1968. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35070001/
- A98.5
- 1D67.0
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