Herpesviral infections in this context refer to those caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, which produce oral or genital herpes [1]. HSV-1 predominantly causes oral herpes with lesions near the mouth, while HSV-2 and sometimes HSV-1 cause genital herpes [1]. These infections are characterized as viral conditions transmissible through direct contact [1].
Disease overview
Evidence-backed information EN 5/7 applicable sections · ZH 5/7 applicable sections Updated Oct 23, 2026
Herpesviral infections, particularly those caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, are a common public health concern with substantial burden in the United States [1]. Oral herpes is typically acquired in childhood through non-sexual salivary contact, whereas genital herpes is a frequently occurring sexually transmitted infection [1]. Most infected individuals remain asymptomatic or experience mild signs, contributing to limited public awareness of their status [1].
Read the full clinical and epidemiological profile 6
Affected persons may develop painful blisters or sores on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth that break and heal over a week or more [1]. Many individuals exhibit no symptoms or only very mild manifestations that can be confused with minor skin conditions [1]. Pregnant persons with genital infection may risk preterm delivery or transmission to the newborn, potentially resulting in severe neonatal disease [1].
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, with an estimated 572,000 new cases among 14- to 49-year-olds in 2018 [1]. The condition's burden and clinical presentation differ by viral type and population group [1]. Most persons with genital infection are unaware of their status due to absent or subtle symptoms [1].
The infection spreads through contact with sores, saliva, genital fluids, or oral or genital skin, and can occur even when no visible sore is present [1]. Genital herpes is transmitted sexually, while oral herpes is often acquired in youth via non-sexual salivary exposure [1]. Transmission to infants can occur before or during delivery from an infected mother [1].
Risk reduction measures include avoiding sexual exposure during symptomatic periods, consistent and correct condom use, and clinician-directed suppressive antiviral therapy [1]. Pregnant individuals should attend prenatal care and disclose any history or possible exposure to genital herpes to mitigate neonatal risk [1]. Avoiding acquisition during pregnancy is a key preventive aim [1].
- 1 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Genital Herpes | Genital Herpes | CDC [Internet]. cited 23 Oct 2026. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/herpes/about/index.html
- 2 Qin Q et al. Herpesviral infections and antimicrobial protection for Alzheimer's disease: Implications for prevention and treatment. J Med Virol. 2019 Aug. PMID: 30997676. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25481. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30997676/
- 3 Cai MS et al. Herpesviral infection and Toll-like receptor 2. Protein Cell. 2012 Aug. PMID: 22865347. doi: 10.1007/s13238-012-2059-9. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22865347/
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