Other viral haemorrhagic fevers is a WHO ICD-10 category (A98) designated for viral haemorrhagic fever syndromes that do not qualify for more specific classifications within the A90-A97 range. The category encompasses zoonotic viral diseases presenting with fever and bleeding diathesis, excluding entities with established classifications such as Ebola virus disease or yellow fever. The source material characterizes Ebola specifically as a zoonotic viral hemorrhagic fever caused by four of the six known ebolaviruses, affecting humans and other primates. Detailed etiologic characterization of the broader residual category is not supported by the provided source.
Disease Profile
Other viral haemorrhagic fevers
其他病毒性出血热
Other viral haemorrhagic fevers (ICD-10: A98) represents a residual classification for zoonotic viral diseases characterized by fever and haemorrhagic manifestations that lack a more specific categorical assignment. This group excludes well-characterized entities such as Ebola virus disease, which occupies its own classification. The provided source material describes Ebola as a representative zoonotic hemorrhagic fever affecting humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses, with a variable mortality rate averaging approximately 50%. Source-backed clinical, epidemiological, or transmission details specific to the broader 'other viral haemorrhagic fevers' category are not available from the current evidence base.
The source material describes Ebola virus disease as presenting with an incubation period ranging from two days to three weeks following infection. Initial symptoms typically include fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches, which are followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, and hepatic and renal dysfunction. A subset of patients develops both internal and external bleeding manifestations. Mortality rates vary substantially between 25% and 90%, averaging approximately 50%, with death commonly resulting from shock due to fluid loss and typically occurring six to sixteen days after symptom onset. Specific clinical features of other viral haemorrhagic fevers within this category are not detailed in the available source.
Ebola virus disease, which exemplifies the broader category of viral haemorrhagic fevers, is described as a zoonotic infection affecting humans and other primates. The source material indicates that the viral species involved and timing of treatment are critical determinants of prognosis. Geographic distribution, outbreak patterns, reservoir ecology, and surveillance burden specific to the 'other viral haemorrhagic fevers' classification are not addressed in the provided source material. The high case fatality rate and potential for outbreaks underscore the public health significance of this disease group.
The source material indicates that Ebola virus disease is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids and tissues. As a zoonotic infection, the primary reservoir and intermediate hosts play a role in spillover events to human populations. Specific transmission pathways for other viral haemorrhagic fevers classified under A98 are not detailed in the available evidence. General principles of infection control for hemorrhagic fevers emphasize barrier precautions and avoidance of exposure to infected individuals and animals.
Healthcare workers and family members providing direct care to infected individuals face elevated exposure risk through contact with infectious bodily fluids. Populations with occupational or residential proximity to animal reservoirs, including wildlife and domestic animals in endemic areas, constitute another high-risk group. The source material identifies humans and other primates as susceptible hosts for ebolavirus infection. Specific risk groups for other viral haemorrhagic fevers within the A98 classification are not characterized in the provided source material.
The source material emphasizes that the viral species involved and timing of treatment significantly influence prognosis, indirectly highlighting the importance of early detection and medical intervention. Prevention strategies for viral haemorrhagic fevers typically include avoiding contact with infected persons and animals, implementing strict infection control measures in healthcare settings, and employing barrier nursing techniques. Specific public health measures for the broader 'other viral haemorrhagic fevers' category are not elaborated in the provided source material.
Surveillance for viral haemorrhagic fevers requires prompt case identification, thorough contact investigation, and laboratory confirmation to support clinical diagnosis and guide outbreak response. The variable and often high mortality rate associated with these infections, exemplified by Ebola's 25-90% case fatality range, necessitates robust surveillance systems capable of rapid detection and containment. The classification of 'other viral haemorrhagic fevers' as a residual category may present challenges for standardized reporting and comparative epidemiological analysis. Source-backed guidance on surveillance interpretation specific to this ICD-10 category is not available.
- A98
Dataset Archive
Supplementary Data | Multi-country disease dataset
Machine-readable multi-country disease dataset (JSON/CSV) with source metadata.
Suggested presentation pattern: cite the data version and coverage window when exporting charts or tables for publication.