Other viral haemorrhagic fevers

This surveillance category refers to viral haemorrhagic fever illnesses that are discussed in the source material alongside dengue, Lassa fever, and Ebola-related literature, but the payload does not provide a single unified pathogen definition for the category itself ^[1][2][3]. The sources instead indicate that these infections may share a bleeding tendency and thrombocytopenia, with platelet dysfunction proposed as a contributor to haemorrhagic manifestations in some tropical infections ^[4]. Source-backed detail on the specific viruses included under this umbrella diagnosis is not yet available in the provided snippets ^[1][2][3].

The source material supports a syndrome of bleeding tendency in some tropical infections, with thrombocytopenia described as a well-known manifestation and platelet dysfunction noted as a possible contributor to haemorrhage ^[4]. Comparative literature in the payload indicates that viral haemorrhagic fever presentations may range from asymptomatic or mild illness to severe fulminant disease, as exemplified by Lassa fever ^[5]. Symptoms may be difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses, including malaria, typhoid, dengue, and yellow fever, which underscores the nonspecific early clinical picture ^[5]. In the comparative material on dengue, the haemorrhagic spectrum is associated with plasma leakage and may include renal complications such as haematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome ^[3].

The category is represented in the source set by illnesses with important tropical and outbreak-associated epidemiology, especially Lassa fever in West Africa and comparative references to dengue and leptospirosis ^[5][6]. Lassa fever outbreaks in West Africa have been reported to cause up to 10,000 deaths annually, indicating substantial surveillance burden in that region ^[5]. Leptospirosis is worldwide in distribution and most common in tropical and subtropical areas, and its presentation is specifically noted to overlap with other viral haemorrhagic fevers in differential diagnosis ^[6]. Source-backed detail on the overall geographic distribution, reservoir ecology, and burden specifically for the ICD category “other viral haemorrhagic fevers” is not yet available beyond these comparative examples ^[5][6].

The payload provides pathogen-specific exposure descriptions rather than a category-level transmission summary. For Lassa fever, primary infection occurs through contact with infected rodents and exposure to their excreta, blood, or meat ^[5]. For dengue, human infection is mediated by mosquito bites ^[3]. For leptospirosis, transmission occurs directly or indirectly from animals to humans, illustrating that febrile illnesses in the differential of viral haemorrhagic fever may also arise from zoonotic exposure routes ^[6].

The provided sources do not define formal risk groups for the category as a whole. The available material does identify people with travel to West Africa as a context in which Lassa fever should be considered, and it links Lassa infection to exposure to infected rodents and their excreta, blood, or meat ^[5]. It also indicates that tropical and subtropical settings are relevant for leptospirosis, but category-level high-risk populations for other viral haemorrhagic fevers are not specified in the snippets ^[6].

The source material does not provide a unified prevention strategy for this ICD category. It does state that there is an urgent need for a preventive vaccine for Lassa fever and that rapid field-friendly diagnostics are needed to support control efforts ^[5]. The dengue-related source emphasizes the importance of understanding haemorrhagic disease mechanisms, but source-backed public-health prevention guidance specific to this category is not otherwise given in the provided snippets ^[3][5].

In monitoring practice, this category should be read as a broad signal for haemorrhagic fever syndromes with overlapping and often nonspecific febrile presentations, not as a single etiologic diagnosis ^[5][6]. The sources highlight that cases may be confused with malaria, typhoid, dengue, yellow fever, influenza, meningitis, hepatitis, and other viral haemorrhagic fevers, making syndromic surveillance and careful differential classification important ^[5][6]. Source-backed detail on case definitions, laboratory confirmation pathways, or reporting thresholds for the category itself is not yet available in the provided snippets ^[5][6].

1. 1 Ebola and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. BMJ. 2014. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g5079
2. 2 Dengue and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. 2015. doi: 10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0189
3. 3 Dengue and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. Oxford Medicine Online. 2018. doi: 10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0189_update_001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0189_update_001
4. 4 Hapsari Putri I et al. Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Dysfunction in Acute Tropical Infectious Diseases. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2018 Oct. PMID: 29913535. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1657778. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29913535/
5. 5 Asogun DA et al. Lassa Fever: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Management and Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019 Dec. PMID: 31668199. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.002. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31668199/
6. 6 Musso D et al. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2013 Aug. PMID: 23639380. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.001. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23639380/

ICD-10

A98

ICD-11

Total cases

0

Peak month

—

Coverage

0 reporting countries · —