Plasmodium vivax malaria is a parasitic infection due to Plasmodium vivax, one of the main causes of malaria in humans [1][2]. The source material characterizes it as a disease that contributes to the global malaria burden and is included in the category of malaria syndromes monitored in endemic settings [1][2]. Source-backed detail on additional etiologic subtypes or life-cycle specifics is not yet available in the provided material [1][2].
Disease Profile
ParasiticPlasmodium vivax malaria
间日疟
Plasmodium vivax malaria is a parasitic malaria syndrome caused by Plasmodium vivax and recognized as part of the broader global malaria burden [1][2]. Recent literature indicates that it can cause severe disease, including respiratory complications, rather than being uniformly benign [1]. In 2021, malaria overall was estimated at 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths in 84 endemic countries, and elimination of P. vivax malaria is described as being hindered by impractical and potentially toxic antirelapse regimens [2].
The provided literature emphasizes that P. vivax malaria is not always mild and may present with severe disease [1]. Reported respiratory complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the review found ARDS prevalence of 2.8% in children and 2.2% in adults, with nearly 50% mortality among affected patients [1]. Mortality in the pooled report data was associated with female sex, any comorbidity, lower body temperature, lower hemoglobin, and lower oxygen saturation values [1]. Source-backed detail on the full symptom spectrum, timing, or non-respiratory complications is not yet available in the supplied snippets [1].
Malaria is described as resurging in many African and South American countries, with disruption related to COVID-19 services noted as a contributing context [2]. The global malaria burden in 2021 was estimated at 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths across 84 endemic countries [2]. For P. vivax specifically, the source notes that elimination is hindered by impractical and potentially toxic antirelapse regimens, underscoring its operational importance in endemic-control programs [2]. The respiratory-complication review included 101 studies, indicating a substantial literature base on severe vivax malaria, although the source does not provide a geographic map or age-specific burden beyond the ARDS estimates [1].
The supplied sources do not give a direct transmission description for P. vivax malaria in the form of a route statement. However, the broader malaria review refers to Anopheles mosquito vectors and insecticide resistance, which supports vector-borne transmission through mosquito exposure as the surveillance-relevant mechanism [2]. Source-backed detail on specific exposure circumstances, persistence, or local transmission settings is not yet available in the provided material [2].
The available sources identify female sex, any comorbidity, lower body temperature, lower hemoglobin, and lower oxygen saturation as factors associated with mortality among patients with respiratory complications [1]. Children and adults were both represented in the ARDS prevalence estimates, with rates reported separately for each group [1]. Beyond these findings, source-backed detail on additional high-risk groups is not yet available in the provided material [1].
The sources emphasize public-health measures rather than individual clinical advice. Reported control approaches include improved surveillance, better access to effective treatment, more labour-efficient vector control, targeted mass drug administration, and sustained political commitment [2]. The review also notes that rigorous use of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy and infancy and seasonal chemoprevention can substantially reduce malaria morbidity, potentially combined with pre-erythrocytic vaccines endorsed by WHO in 2021 and 2023 [2]. Source-backed detail on P. vivax-specific prevention schedules or local implementation thresholds is not yet available [2].
In surveillance terms, Plasmodium vivax malaria should be read as a malaria cause that can contribute to severe outcomes, including ARDS, rather than as an invariably uncomplicated infection [1]. Monitoring is especially relevant in endemic countries where malaria burden remains high and where resurgence, service disruption, and vector resistance are affecting control efforts [2]. Because the supplied sources highlight both severe respiratory complications and challenges in elimination, reports should be interpreted with attention to severity signals and the local control context [1][2].
- 1 Val F et al. Respiratory Complications of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Sep. PMID: 28722625. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0131. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722625/
- 2 Poespoprodjo JR et al. Malaria. Lancet. 2023 Dec 16. PMID: 37924827. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01249-7. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37924827/
- 3 Tafenoquine. PubMed indexed record. 2012. PMID: 31643747. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31643747/
- 4 Thrombocytopenia and Plasmodium vivax Malaria. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005. doi: 10.1086/444567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/444567
- 5 Plasmodium vivax Malaria. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2015. doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000000671
- 6 Combating Plasmodium Vivax Malaria. InPharma. 1986. doi: 10.1007/bf03299194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03299194
- B51
- 1F40
Dataset Archive
Supplementary Data | Multi-country disease dataset
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