Sex-specific burdens of acute hepatitis B and C and their attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021.
Tropical medicine and health·
- DOI
- 10.1186/s41182-026-00942-6
- PMID
- 41882797
- PMCID
- PMC13085372
- OpenAlex
- W7140310289
- Study type
- Journal article
- Publisher
- Publisher unavailable
- Article type
- journal-article
- Integrity
- current
Why this research matters now
Ongoing demographic and geographic inequalities emphasize the importance of customized intervention approaches, such as enhanced immunization campaigns, expanded diagnostic testing, improved therapeutic access, and risk reduction measures to align with international elimination targets.
Structured evidence summary
Research question
The investigation quantified worldwide trends in acute hepatitis B and C incidence, mortality, and disability over three decades, while evaluating sex-based variations and the role of substance use as a contributing factor.
Study design
An observational analysis utilizing aggregated data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, spanning 204 nations and 21 regions between 1990 and 2021.
Population and setting
A worldwide cohort stratified by geographic region, age group, and biological sex, covering all documented territories included in the referenced dataset.
Main findings
Global case volumes for both infections declined substantially since 1990, though male demographics consistently experienced heavier disease loads. Metrics for disability adjusted for mortality showed growing contributions from substance consumption, particularly for the C variant, while specific regions like South Asia reported increasing disability scores despite broader economic development.
Public-health relevance
Ongoing demographic and geographic inequalities emphasize the importance of customized intervention approaches, such as enhanced immunization campaigns, expanded diagnostic testing, improved therapeutic access, and risk reduction measures to align with international elimination targets.
Important limitations
The assessment relies solely on the provided abstract and metadata, which do not detail explicit methodological constraints. Full evaluation and decision-grade interpretation therefore require access to the complete original manuscript.
GIDS interpretation
This report supplies historical epidemiological modeling and demographic breakdowns useful for contextualizing long-term infectious disease tracking. It outlines baseline burden parameters without suggesting active outbreak monitoring or direct integration with contemporary reporting networks.
Related GIDS surveillance
Literature context does not validate, explain, or change a surveillance signal. Exact and contextual relationships are shown separately.
Evidence relationships
This article has 12 auditable classifier relationships to diseases, places, topics, and study design.