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Peer reviewedOpen accessEbolaHemorrhagic Fever

The risk of global Ebola virus spread is low: epidemiology of Ebola disease cases outside Africa, 1976 to May 2026.

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin·

van Zandvoort K, Procter SR, Azam JM, Sherratt K, Davies NG

DOI
10.2807/1560-7917.es.2026.31.24.2600508
PMID
42318654
PMCID
PMC13282593
OpenAlex
W7165144310
Study type
Journal article
Publisher
Publisher unavailable
Article type
journal-article
Integrity
current

Why this research matters now

These findings contextualize cross-border transmission probabilities and may assist in evaluating international health security measures and travel-related screening protocols.

01

Structured evidence summary

Research question

The study examines the historical probability of Ebola virus transmission occurring beyond African continents.

Study design

Researchers conducted a retrospective epidemiological review of all documented international Ebola cases spanning from 1976 to May 2026.

Population and setting

The analysis encompasses confirmed epidemic-linked cases identified internationally, primarily involving travelers and medically evacuated patients originating from African regions.

Main findings

The authors conclude that intercontinental transmission risk remains minimal, documenting twenty-eight confirmed cases outside Africa. Only four instances involved travelers harboring latent infections that were identified during border screening procedures. After removing medically evacuated individuals, the calculated risk since 2000 amounts to 0.17 international cases for every one thousand domestic African cases.

Public-health relevance

These findings contextualize cross-border transmission probabilities and may assist in evaluating international health security measures and travel-related screening protocols.

Important limitations

This assessment depends solely on the provided abstract and bibliographic details, necessitating consultation of the complete manuscript for thorough methodological scrutiny and decision-grade interpretation.

GIDS interpretation

The article falls within travel medicine and transmission dynamics literature, supplying historical epidemiological data that can facilitate targeted academic searches concerning international Ebola dissemination.

02

Related GIDS surveillance

Literature context does not validate, explain, or change a surveillance signal. Exact and contextual relationships are shown separately.

03

Evidence relationships

This article has 10 auditable classifier relationships to diseases, places, topics, and study design.

about diseaseabout diseaseaddresses topicaddresses topicaddresses topichas pathogen typestudied instudied population settingstudies pathogenuses study design