麻风病（又称汉森病）是由麻风分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium leprae）为主要致病菌引起的慢性传染病，主要累及皮肤、周围神经、上呼吸道黏膜和眼睛 [1][2]。该病与显著的污名和歧视相关，但通过早期规范治疗可以治愈并防止残疾发生 [1][4]。
疾病概览
细菌性麻风病
Leprosy
有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
麻风病又称汉森病，是由麻风分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性传染病，主要累及皮肤、周围神经、上呼吸道黏膜和眼睛；该病可治愈，早期治疗可预防残疾，但患者常面临歧视与社会污名 [1][2]。麻风病仍是一种被忽视的热带病，每年报告的新发病例约为20万例，分布在120多个国家 [1]。鉴于其临床表现与宿主免疫密切相关，免疫学光谱上的差异影响着疾病表现和细菌负荷，且潜伏期较长，诊断创新和接触后预防对阻断传播至关重要 [3]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
麻风病的临床表现与宿主对病原体的免疫反应密切相关，沿免疫学光谱呈现较大差异：从少菌型麻风（paucibacillary，表现为局限性炎症反应、菌量少）到多菌型麻风（multibacillary，菌量高、抗体水平高），两种极端形式反映了Th1/Th2型免疫平衡的不同侧 [3][4]。典型症状包括色素减退或红斑性皮肤损害（可为单发或多发），伴有明确的感觉丧失，以及受累周围神经的增粗或扩大，并导致其所支配肌肉的感觉减退和/或无力 [2]。周围神经损害可引起感觉和运动功能丧失及手足畸形；若不治疗，可能导致长期残疾 [4][5]。潜伏期通常为2至6年，但也可短至1年或长达20年以上，临床表现高度可变 [2][3]。诊断主要依靠临床，辅以实验室检查；确诊依据至少一项主要体征：浅色（色素减退）或红色皮肤斑块伴明确感觉丧失，或周围神经增粗伴感觉和/或肌力丧失 [2]。
麻风病仍属于被忽视的热带病，在全球120多个国家持续存在，每年新发病例约为20万例 [1]。麻风患者在全球疾病负担中占相当比例 [5]。消除麻风病作为公共卫生问题（流行率低于万分之一）于2000年在全球、2010年在大多数国家实现 [1]。截至2024年的数据，巴西、印度和印度尼西亚每年仍报告超过10 000例新发病例，孟加拉国、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、马达加斯加、莫桑比克、缅甸、尼泊尔、尼日利亚、菲律宾、索马里、斯里兰卡和坦桑尼亚联合共和国等12国各报告1 000–10 000例新发病例，55国报告零病例，117国报告少于1 000例新发病例 [1]。儿童麻风的诊断与管理长期被忽视 [5]。
麻风病被认为主要通过长时间密切接触情况下吸入未经治疗患者口鼻飞沫传播，这些飞沫携带麻风分枝杆菌 [1][2]。该病不会通过握手、拥抱、共餐或并肩而坐等一般性接触传播 [1][2]。一旦患者开始接受治疗，即不再具有传染性 [1][2]。
单纯依靠病例发现与多药联合治疗不足以阻断传播；世界卫生组织推荐对家庭、邻里及社交接触者开展接触者筛查，并联合使用单剂利福平作为接触后预防用药（SDR-PEP）[1]。各国卫生规划应优先开展早期病例发现，并考虑为麻风患者的密切接触者提供接触后预防，以阻断传播、防止疾病进展及降低神经损害和残疾风险 [1][3]。WHO发布的《迈向零麻风：2021–2030年全球麻风（汉森病）战略》与《2021–2030年被忽视热带病路线图》相衔接，聚焦零感染、零残疾、零污名与零歧视 [1]。
- 1World Health Organization. Leprosy [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy
- 2World Health Organization. Leprosy (Hansen disease) [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/leprosy
- 3Chen KH et al. Leprosy: A Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Management. J Trop Med. 2022. PMID: 35832335. doi: 10.1155/2022/8652062.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35832335/
- 4Grijsen ML et al. Leprosy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024 Nov 28. PMID: 39609422. doi: 10.1038/s41572-024-00575-1.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39609422/
- 5Froes LAR Junior et al. Leprosy: clinical and immunopathological characteristics. An Bras Dermatol. 2022 May-Jun. PMID: 35379512. doi: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.08.006.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35379512/
- A30
- 1B20
数据覆盖
报告国家和地区
各报告国家的趋势
月度变化趋势
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官方数据来源机构、频率与说明67
Australia NINDSS
Australia
Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.
Australia NINDSS — Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Australian Capital Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — New South Wales
New South Wales, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for New South Wales, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Northern Territory
Northern Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Northern Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Queensland
Queensland, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Queensland, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — South Australia
South Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for South Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Tasmania
Tasmania, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Tasmania, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Victoria
Victoria, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Victoria, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Western Australia
Western Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Western Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Brazil DATASUS SINAN
Brazil
Brazil Ministry of Health DATASUS/SINAN public DBC microdata aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual
Canada
Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.
China CDC Weekly
China
Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.
National Disease Control and Prevention Administration
China
Official China public health bulletin and query portal.
PubMed
China
Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.
Public Health Science Data Center
Anhui, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Anhui, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Chongqing, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Chongqing, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Fujian, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Fujian, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guangdong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guangdong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Gansu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Gansu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guangxi, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guangxi, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guizhou, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guizhou, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Henan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Henan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Hebei, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Hebei, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Hainan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Hainan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Hunan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Hunan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jilin, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jilin, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jiangsu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jiangsu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jiangxi, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jiangxi, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Sichuan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Sichuan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shandong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shandong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shanghai, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shanghai, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shaanxi, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shaanxi, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Xinjiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Xinjiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Yunnan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Yunnan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Zhejiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Zhejiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases
Hong Kong, China
Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals
冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板
Iceland
冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报；历史值可能追溯修订，并保持年度总量口径。
冰岛卫生署性病监测看板
Iceland
实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实；官方看板按季度发布。
冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板
Iceland
按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数；住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。
冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记
Iceland
1997—2021 年官方历史登记表，年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。
冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报
Iceland
Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数；与登记通报不可比并保持独立。
Korea KDCA EID
South Korea
Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank
Norway
Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.
Taiwan, China CDC NIDSS
Taiwan, China
Taiwan, China monthly notifiable infectious disease open-data CSV feed.
US CDC NNDSS
United States
CDC National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System provisional data.
US CDC NHSS HIV
United States
CDC NNDSS weekly data plus NHSS annual national HIV diagnoses