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疾病概览

细菌性

鼠疫

Plague

有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日

鼠疫是由耶尔森菌属细菌引起的一种严重人畜共患传染病[1]。该病在历史上曾引发多次大规模流行,其中十四世纪的“黑死病”导致欧洲超过五千万人死亡[2]。目前,尽管该病仍具高致死率,但通过早期抗生素干预和标准防护措施即可有效防控[1]。近年来,人类病例主要集中在非洲部分地区,且可通过动物宿主及跳蚤媒介维持自然疫源地循环[3]

阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
定义

鼠疫是一种由革兰氏阴性杆菌耶尔森菌引起的急性烈性传染病,属于典型的人畜共患病[3]。该病原体主要存在于啮齿类及其他小型哺乳动物及其携带的跳蚤中,能够在土壤、动物宿主与节肢动物媒介之间形成稳定的生态平衡并长期存留[3]。作为法定报告传染病,其分类特征明确指向细菌性感染范畴[2]

临床特征

患者通常在感染后一至七天潜伏期内出现急性发热性疾病,伴随突发高热、寒战、全身酸痛、乏力、呕吐及恶心等非特异性全身症状[2]。根据感染途径不同,临床主要分为腺鼠疫、败血型鼠疫和肺鼠疫三种类型[1]。腺鼠疫表现为淋巴结迅速肿大、疼痛并形成化脓性病灶;若未及时治疗,败血型或肺鼠疫的病死率可高达百分之三十至百分之百[2]

流行病学

鼠疫在全球除大洋洲外的各大洲均有分布,并在美洲、非洲及欧亚大陆建立稳定的自然疫源地[3]。自二十世纪九十年代以来,绝大多数人类病例集中于非洲地区,刚果民主共和国、马达加斯加和秘鲁为高度地方性流行国家[1]。马达加斯加每年九月至四月流行季期间均会报告腺鼠疫病例[2]。历史上该病曾引发三次跨越千年的大流行,目前第三次大流行虽趋于沉寂,但在部分经济欠发达地区仍持续呈现散发或局部暴发态势[3]

传播/暴露

鼠疫主要通过受感染的跳蚤叮咬实现从动物到人的传播,病原体经叮咬处进入淋巴系统并大量复制[4]。此外,直接接触感染动物的组织或体液亦可导致人体污染[1]。当发展为肺鼠疫时,患者可通过咳嗽产生含有病原体的飞沫,进而引发人际间的呼吸道飞沫传播[2]。极少数情况下,摄入受污染的未煮熟肉类可能引发咽部或胃肠道感染[3]

预防

公共卫生防控依赖于对已知鼠疫自然疫源地的主动监测以及跳蚤等外寄生虫的控制措施[3]。通过环境管理项目了解疾病循环的动物宿主特性,并结合快速响应机制可有效遏制疫情扩散[2]。医疗机构需保持警惕以尽早识别病例并采取标准防护隔离措施,同时社区层面的健康教育与风险因素排查也是阻断传播链的关键环节[2]

参考文献
  1. 1World Health Organization. Plague [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague
  2. 2World Health Organization. Plague [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/plague
  3. 3Barbieri R et al. Yersinia pestis: the Natural History of Plague. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 Dec 16. PMID: 33298527. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00044-19.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33298527/
  4. 4World Health Organization. Plague [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/plague
编码登记
ICD-10
A20
ICD-11
1B90
核心统计
累计病例
174
累计死亡
14
峰值月份
2007-02
覆盖区间
39 个报告国家 · 1930-01-01 → 2026-09-01

数据覆盖

报告国家和地区

39 个国家/地区

月度变化趋势

研究雷达

近期相关研究

查看全部研究 →

显示 11 篇相关论文中的 5 篇。

文献链接仅用于发现研究,不会改变或验证上方的监测序列。

数据获取

本页面数据索引,含来源链接和更新信息。

行数4,986
更新2026-09-01
范围
分块20
来源36 序列 · 1,551 观测
官方数据来源机构、频率与说明68
Austria

Austria AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases

Austria

来源
每月official_monthly_csv

AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.

Belgium

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Belgium Annual Baseline

Belgium

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Belgium annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Bulgaria

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Bulgaria Annual Baseline

Bulgaria

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Bulgaria annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Brazil

Brazil DATASUS SINAN

Brazil

来源
每月ftp_dbc

Brazil Ministry of Health DATASUS/SINAN public DBC microdata aggregated to national monthly notification counts.

Canada

Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual

Canada

来源
ANNUAL网页

Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.

China

China CDC Weekly

China

来源
MONTHLY网页

Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.

China

National Disease Control and Prevention Administration

China

来源
MONTHLY网页

Official China public health bulletin and query portal.

China

PubMed

China

来源
MONTHLY网页

Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.

Anhui, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Anhui, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Anhui, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Anhui, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Chongqing, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Chongqing, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Chongqing, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Chongqing, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Guangdong, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Guangdong, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Guangdong, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Guangdong, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Gansu, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Gansu, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Gansu, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Gansu, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Henan, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Henan, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Henan, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Henan, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Jiangsu, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Jiangsu, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Jiangsu, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Jiangsu, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Sichuan, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Sichuan, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Sichuan, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Sichuan, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Shandong, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Shandong, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Shandong, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Shandong, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Shanghai, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Shanghai, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Shanghai, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Shanghai, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Xinjiang, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Xinjiang, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Xinjiang, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Xinjiang, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Zhejiang, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Zhejiang, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Zhejiang, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Zhejiang, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Cyprus

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Cyprus Annual Baseline

Cyprus

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Cyprus annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Czechia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Czechia Annual Baseline

Czechia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Czechia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Germany

Germany RKI SurvStat 2.0

Germany

来源
每周official_webforms_csv_export

RKI SurvStat national weekly notification export; raw ZIP exports are retained and recent weeks are overwritten for revisions.

Denmark

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Denmark Annual Baseline

Denmark

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Denmark annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Estonia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Estonia Annual Baseline

Estonia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Estonia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Spain

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Spain Annual Baseline

Spain

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Spain annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Finland

Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register

Finland

来源
每月cube_csv

Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register national monthly case counts. The current month is ingested as provisional and the latest three months are refreshed for source revisions.

France

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — France Annual Baseline

France

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

France annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

United Kingdom

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — United Kingdom Annual Baseline

United Kingdom

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

United Kingdom annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Greece

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Greece Annual Baseline

Greece

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Greece annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Hong Kong, China

Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases

Hong Kong, China

来源
每月开放数据

Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals

Croatia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Croatia Annual Baseline

Croatia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Croatia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Hungary

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Hungary Annual Baseline

Hungary

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Hungary annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Ireland

Ireland HPSC Notifiable Diseases Hub

Ireland

来源
每周official_arcgis_feature_service

Ireland HPSC national weekly notifiable-disease totals from the official ArcGIS FeatureServer. Internal ingestion is enabled; public release remains disabled pending written redistribution permission.

Iceland

冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板

Iceland

来源
每年Power BI 看板

冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报;历史值可能追溯修订,并保持年度总量口径。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署性病监测看板

Iceland

来源
月度事实(按季度发布)Power BI 看板

实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实;官方看板按季度发布。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板

Iceland

来源
每周Power BI 看板

按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数;住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记

Iceland

来源
年度与月度官方 Excel

1997—2021 年官方历史登记表,年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报

Iceland

来源
每月官方 Excel

Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数;与登记通报不可比并保持独立。

Italy

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Italy Annual Baseline

Italy

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Italy annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Japan

日本 NIID/JIHS 周报

Japan

来源
每周网页

日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。

South Korea

Korea KDCA EID

South Korea

来源
每月open_api_or_portal_download

Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.

Liechtenstein

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Liechtenstein Annual Baseline

Liechtenstein

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Liechtenstein annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Lithuania

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Lithuania Annual Baseline

Lithuania

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Lithuania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Luxembourg

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Luxembourg Annual Baseline

Luxembourg

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Luxembourg annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Latvia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Latvia Annual Baseline

Latvia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Latvia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Malta

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Malta Annual Baseline

Malta

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Malta annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Netherlands

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Netherlands Annual Baseline

Netherlands

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Netherlands annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Norway

Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank

Norway

来源
每月official_json_api

Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.

Poland

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Poland Annual Baseline

Poland

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Poland annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Portugal

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Portugal Annual Baseline

Portugal

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Portugal annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Romania

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Romania Annual Baseline

Romania

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Romania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Sweden

Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet

Sweden

来源
每月official_html_csv

Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.

Singapore

Singapore CDA Weekly Infectious Diseases Bulletin

Singapore

来源
每周official_csv_and_workbook

Singapore national weekly case notifications, combining the official data.gov.sg 2012–2022 CSV history with CDA annual workbooks from 2023 onward; 2023 weekly PDFs are retained as a source fallback.

Slovenia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovenia Annual Baseline

Slovenia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Slovenia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Slovakia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovakia Annual Baseline

Slovakia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Slovakia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

United States

US CDC NNDSS

United States

来源
mixed_weekly_annual接口

CDC National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System provisional data.

United States

US CDC NHSS HIV

United States

来源
mixed_weekly_annual接口

CDC NNDSS weekly data plus NHSS annual national HIV diagnoses

分块公开数据

选择时间范围和格式