内脏利什曼病（VL），又称黑热病或黑热，是利什曼病中最严重的类型，一种由利什曼属寄生虫引起的原虫性疾病[1][2]。它通过受感染白蛉传播，特征为经网状内皮系统和内脏器官扩散，包括肝脏、脾脏和骨髓[1][2]。VL被描述为全球性人兽共患感染，在一些流行病学背景下狗被认定为主要宿主[3]。
疾病概览
寄生虫黑热病
Kala-azar
有证据支持的资料英文 6/7 个适用章节 · 中文 6/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
黑热病（内脏利什曼病）是利什曼病中最严重的类型，由利什曼属原虫引起[1][2]。传播通过受感染白蛉叮咬发生，寄生虫可累及肝脏、脾脏和骨髓等内脏器官[1][2]。该病造成大量全球死亡，被描述为仅次于疟疾的第二大寄生虫杀手[1]。目前没有可用疫苗或预防药物，预防以保护人们免受白蛉叮咬为主[1]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料7
典型表现包括发热、疲劳、体重下降、贫血以及脾脏和肝脏肿大[1]。肝脾肿大和全血细胞减少也被描述为主要临床特征[3]。临床严重程度和表现可随感染的利什曼原虫种和宿主免疫反应而异，免疫抑制患者可能出现不典型或严重病程[2][3]。在没有适当诊断和治疗的情况下，内脏利什曼病与极高病死率相关，症状可能被误认为疟疾[1]。
内脏利什曼病全球分布，被描述为经白蛉传播的人兽共患感染，在所引用流行病学背景下狗为主要宿主[3]。它被界定为仅次于疟疾的第二大寄生虫杀手，估计全球每年死亡20,000至30,000例[1]。在德国等低流行国家，流行率较低，受影响者主要是从地中海国家返回的移民和旅行者[3]。
风险与暴露于白蛉叮咬相关，尤其是从黄昏到黎明的户外活动、处于无防护的住处以及皮肤未遮盖[1]。利什曼病流行地区的人员是血清学检测的相关对象[1]。
截至2018年，内脏利什曼病没有可用疫苗或预防药物，尽管疫苗正在开发中[1][4]。预防感染最有效的方法是防止白蛉叮咬[1]。建议措施包括避免从黄昏到黎明的户外活动，因为白蛉通常在此期间最为活跃；通过穿长袖衬衫、长裤和袜子尽量减少皮肤暴露；并在暴露皮肤上使用驱虫剂[1]。在成功治疗或无症状感染自行消退而未发病后，可产生保护性免疫，涉及细胞介导的免疫反应[1]。
- 1Wikipedia contributors. Visceral leishmaniasis - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 2 Sept 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis
- 2Grevelink SA et al. Leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996 Feb. PMID: 8642091. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)80121-6.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8642091/
- 3Wilhelm TJ et al. [Visceral leishmaniasis]. Chirurg. 2019 Oct. PMID: 31297548. doi: 10.1007/s00104-019-0994-1.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31297548/
- 4Mann S et al. A Review of Leishmaniasis: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2021. PMID: 33747716. doi: 10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33747716/
- B55
- 1F51
数据覆盖
报告国家和地区
各报告国家的趋势
月度变化趋势
研究雷达
近期相关研究
From visceral to visible: A systematic review and meta-analysis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis incidence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes in Eastern Africa
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Risk factors for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): Challenges in understanding pathophysiology
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Intensely clustered outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in a setting of seasonal migration in a village of Bihar, India
BMC Infectious Diseases
文献链接仅用于发现研究，不会改变或验证上方的监测序列。
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本页面数据索引，含来源链接和更新信息。
官方数据来源机构、频率与说明42
Brazil DATASUS SINAN
Brazil
Brazil Ministry of Health DATASUS/SINAN public DBC microdata aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
China CDC Weekly
China
Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.
National Disease Control and Prevention Administration
China
Official China public health bulletin and query portal.
PubMed
China
Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.
Public Health Science Data Center
Anhui, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Anhui, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Beijing, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Beijing, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Chongqing, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Chongqing, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guangdong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guangdong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Gansu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Gansu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Henan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Henan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Hubei, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Hubei, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Hebei, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Hebei, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Hunan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Hunan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jiangsu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jiangsu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Sichuan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Sichuan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shandong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shandong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shanghai, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shanghai, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shaanxi, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shaanxi, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shanxi, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shanxi, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Tianjin, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Tianjin, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Xinjiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Xinjiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Yunnan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Yunnan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Zhejiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Zhejiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.