黄热病是一种由黄热病毒引起的具有流行潜力的疫苗可预防疾病，通过受感染的伊蚊、趋血蚊和Sabethes蚊叮咬传播[1][3]。这些昼夜叮咬的蚊子在热带雨林、潮湿和半潮湿环境中繁殖，也会在城市环境中的静止水体附近繁殖[1]。
疾病概览
黄热病
Yellow fever
有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
黄热病是一种由受感染的伊蚊、趋血蚊和Sabethes蚊传播的病毒引起的具有流行潜力的疫苗可预防疾病。这些昼夜叮咬的蚊子在家庭、森林（野栖）和半家栖环境中繁殖。由于其高影响性和国际传播潜力，黄热病对全球卫生安全构成重大威胁[1][2]。初始症状包括发烧、头痛、全身酸痛、恶心、呕吐和乏力，通常在3-4天内消失[1]。约15%的感染者会发展为重症，表现为高热复发、黄疸、出血和多器官衰竭，约50%的重症患者在7-10天内死亡[1][2]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
黄热病的临床表现范围广泛且严重程度不一。黄热病毒在人体内潜伏期为3-6天[1][2]。许多感染者可能不出现症状，但常见症状包括发烧、肌肉疼痛（特别是背痛）、头痛、食欲减退和恶心或呕吐[1][2]。大多数情况下，症状在3-4天后消失[1]。约15%的患者在初始症状恢复后24小时内进入第二阶段更严重的毒性期，高热复发并累及多个身体系统，通常是肝脏和肾脏[1][2]。此阶段患者可能出现黄疸（皮肤和眼睛发黄，即黄热病名称由来）、深色尿、腹痛伴呕吐，以及口腔、鼻腔、眼睛或胃部出血[1][2]。约50%的重症患者在7-10天内死亡[1][2]。
黄热病发生在非洲中南部和美洲的47个地方性流行国家[4]。每年报告的病例中约90%发生在撒哈拉以南非洲[4]。在疫情暴发期间，世界卫生组织估计实际病例数可能比报告数字高出10至250倍[1]。黄热病作为一种具有大流行潜力的新兴疾病，在全球某些病媒（如埃及伊蚊）分布的背景下构成重大全球卫生关切[3]。疫情在拥挤且水和废物管理服务不足的环境中尤其令人担忧[4]。
黄热病毒通过受感染的蚊子叮咬传播给人类，主要由伊蚊属传播——与寨卡病毒、基孔肯雅热和登革热病毒的传播媒介相同[4]。趋血蚊也在丛林中传播黄热病[1][4]。蚊子通过叮咬受感染的人类或猴子而感染病毒[4]。该疾病不能通过人与人接触传播[4]。这些昼夜叮咬的蚊子在热带雨林、潮湿和半潮湿环境中繁殖，也在城市环境中的住宅附近静止水体中繁殖[1][4][2]。人类与受感染蚊子接触的增加，特别是在城市地区未接种黄热病疫苗的人群中，可能引发疫情[4]。
疫苗接种是黄热病的主要预防措施[1][2]。《消除黄热病疫情（EYE）战略2017-2026》为预防工作提供了框架[4]。药浸蚊帐效果有限，因为传播黄热病的蚊子在白天叮咬[1]。病媒监测，特别是对埃及伊蚊的监测，有助于评估城市疫情风险[1]。在疫情期间，快速检测和实验室确认以及紧急疫苗接种对于控制疫情至关重要[1][5]。高风险国家应保持至少一个国家黄热病检测实验室[1]。
- 1World Health Organization. Yellow fever [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever
- 2World Health Organization. Yellow fever [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/yellow-fever
- 3World Health Organization. Yellow fever [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/yellow-fever
- 4Tuells J et al. Yellow Fever: A Perennial Threat. Arch Med Res. 2022 Nov. PMID: 36404585. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.10.005.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36404585/
- 5Srivastava S et al. Yellow Fever: Global Impact, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Integrated Prevention Approaches. Infez Med. 2024. PMID: 39660161. doi: 10.53854/liim-3204-3.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39660161/
- A95
- 1D48
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Austria AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases
Austria
AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Belgium Annual Baseline
Belgium
Belgium annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Bulgaria Annual Baseline
Bulgaria
Bulgaria annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual
Canada
Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.
Switzerland FOPH IDD
Switzerland
Switzerland FOPH/BAG IDD mandatory reporting API normalized to national case rows. Monthly series may use the dashboard CHFL aggregate where CH-only monthly series are not exposed.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Cyprus Annual Baseline
Cyprus
Cyprus annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Czechia Annual Baseline
Czechia
Czechia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Germany RKI SurvStat 2.0
Germany
RKI SurvStat national weekly notification export; raw ZIP exports are retained and recent weeks are overwritten for revisions.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Denmark Annual Baseline
Denmark
Denmark annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Estonia Annual Baseline
Estonia
Estonia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Spain Annual Baseline
Spain
Spain annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register
Finland
Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register national monthly case counts. The current month is ingested as provisional and the latest three months are refreshed for source revisions.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — France Annual Baseline
France
France annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
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United Kingdom
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Greece Annual Baseline
Greece
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Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Italy Annual Baseline
Italy
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Japan
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Korea KDCA EID
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Liechtenstein Annual Baseline
Liechtenstein
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Lithuania Annual Baseline
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Luxembourg Annual Baseline
Luxembourg
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Latvia Annual Baseline
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Malta Annual Baseline
Malta
Malta annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Netherlands Annual Baseline
Netherlands
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Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank
Norway
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Poland Annual Baseline
Poland
Poland annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
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Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet
Sweden
Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.
Singapore CDA Weekly Infectious Diseases Bulletin
Singapore
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ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovenia Annual Baseline
Slovenia
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Slovakia
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