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Disease evidence hub

Influenza

A curated view of published Influenza research, auditable classifier relationships, and the available GIDS surveillance timeline.

Published evidence
198
Diseases
36
Countries
51
Topics
14

Evidence timeline

Surveillance activity and publication volume

Open disease surveillance →
127,064
2
228,936
1
2,191,327
2
3,369,837
2
1,447,832
1
432,762
3
188,998
1
155,181
2
156,718
3
175,734
4
175,020
0
232,061
2
512,086
1
5,474,970
5
7,292,310
1
1,577,010
6
979,082
3
710,702
2
645,932
2
524,383
3
604,730
0
992,761
4
68,920
59
5,584
6
GIDS reported recordsResearch Radar publications

The two bars use independent scales. Their alignment supports navigation and comparison only; it does not claim that publication activity explains surveillance activity.

Guidance and policy markers identify dated publications in the curated catalogue; they do not by themselves establish that an official policy changed on that date.

Evidence stream

Published literature

198

30 of 198 publications shown

Factors that impact on healthcare workers' adherence with infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines for COVID-19: a qualitative evidence synthesis.

Houghton C, Meskell P, Delaney H +8 more

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

Type
Systematic review
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe review offers implications for practice, including communication strategies, training, and supply provision, intended to support policymakers and decision-makers managing IPC during ongoing and future pandemic responses.

H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Infections in Domestic Cats During an Avian Influenza Outbreak in Italy: Implications for One Health Surveillance.

D'Annunzio G, Moreno A, Tosi G +27 more

Influenza and other respiratory viruses

Type
Journal article
Scope
Italy

Why it matters nowThe findings are positioned as relevant to surveillance for cross-species transmission and potential spillover risk, given the documented mammalian-adaptation mutation and expanding host range of clade 2.3.4.4b.

2024–2025 BNT162b2 KP.2 COVID-19 full season vaccine effectiveness from vaccine registries linked to administrative claims in two states: A cohort study in non-immunocompromised adults

Tara Ahi, Kathleen M. Andersen, Jazmine S. Mateus +5 more

Vaccine

Type
Cohort study
Scope
United States

Why it matters nowFindings support continued COVID-19 vaccine recommendations, demonstrating protection across the 2024-2025 season for adults including those with underlying medical conditions.

Using high frequency GPS data to assess wintering goose proximity to commercial poultry facilities on the Delmarva peninsula for avian influenza risk management and surveillance.

Hardy MJ, Williams CK, Ladman BS +8 more

PloS one

Type
Journal article
Scope
Canada, United States

Why it matters nowThe findings describe a possible way to prioritize biosecurity or surveillance resources around poultry facilities using observed wintering-waterfowl presence. This is an evidence-context signal from the supplied article and does not establish that the ranking method is validated for current surveillance or outbreak prediction.

Peer reviewedOpen accessInfluenzaVaccination
DOI 10.1111/imr.70167 ↗

Some Exposure for Influenza Hemagglutinin Interface Antibodies.

McCarthy KR

Immunological reviews

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe article supports continued consideration of vaccine designs that target conserved influenza regions because the abstract describes limited protection from existing vaccines against some seasonal and pandemic viruses. It does not provide evidence of clinical effectiveness for a particular vaccine design.

Peer reviewedOpen accessInfluenza
DOI 10.1016/j.ijregi.2026.100921 ↗

Seasonality and clinical characteristics of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh (2021-2023)

Md. Osman Hossain Zabir, Md. Ahashan Habib, Monalisa +6 more

IJID Regions

Type
Journal article
Scope
Bangladesh

Why it matters nowThe article addresses respiratory illness in young children in a high-burden Bangladeshi setting and reports seasonal influenza findings that may be relevant to planning vaccination or other interventions. The abstract also notes that broader testing would be needed because most cases were negative for the pathogens included.

Recombinant Influenza Vaccine and Influenza Outbreaks in US Nursing Homes: Results from a Pragmatic Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial

Kevin W McConeghy, H Edward Davidson, Lisa Han +4 more

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Type
Journal article
Scope
United States

Why it matters nowThe results suggest that deploying this specific immunization strategy may help curb institutional transmission episodes during years with active seasonal pathogen circulation, thereby potentially reducing operational disruptions within elderly care infrastructure.

Post-Infectious Cerebellitis: A Systematic Review of Aetiology, Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Outcomes.

Gowda N, Harish S, Joy J +1 more

Cerebellum (London, England)

Type
Systematic review
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe review maps the clinical spectrum of an immune-mediated post-infectious neurological syndrome across age groups and common viral triggers, which may inform recognition of ataxia syndromes following infection.

First detection and molecular characterization of influenza D virus in livestock from Kazakhstan reveals circulation of the D/Yama2019 lineage

Yermukhammet Kassymbekov, Temirlan Sabyrzhan, Sardor Nuralibekov +6 more

Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Type
Genomic study
Scope
Kazakhstan

Why it matters nowIdentifying the virus in a new territory emphasizes the necessity for sustained genomic monitoring to evaluate ecological spread, animal health implications, and potential cross-species dynamics.

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of equine influenza in Colombia.

Gonzalez-Obando J, Carrillo M, Diaz FJ +9 more

Equine veterinary journal

Type
Genomic study
Scope
Colombia, United States

Why it matters nowThe genetic proximity to foreign viral strains highlights cross-border animal trade as a potential introduction pathway, emphasizing the need for continuous genomic monitoring to track strain evolution and guide control measures.

Surveillance without silos: a One Health data imperative for avian influenza in West Africa

Emmanuel Musa, Francis Akpa, Godfred O. Boateng

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Type
Journal article
Scope
Benin, Ghana, Guinea

Why it matters nowThe paper presents integrated surveillance as relevant to preparedness and to earlier detection and response for human or animal health threats in West Africa. This relevance is framed as an operational and preparedness priority in the abstract.

Understanding moral trade-offs in pandemic response: A discrete choice experiment on avian influenza policies.

Smeele NVR, Waltz CNM, Schreijer AJM +1 more

The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe findings suggest that public acceptance of preparedness policies may depend on perceived moral legitimacy as well as expected effectiveness and financial cost. The abstract reports that incorporating these preference differences into economic evaluation could inform consideration of societal acceptability.

Point prevalence assessments of five respiratory viruses in adults ≥ 50 years of age in Germany by multi-pathogen rapid antigen testing on June 1, 2024, and December 15, 2024.

Anggitakirana M, Nacov JA, Salmanton-García J +10 more

Infection

Type
Journal article
Scope
Germany

Why it matters nowThe authors propose that community-based screening can help identify asymptomatic viral reservoirs and underreported viral circulation, such as adenovirus, linking viral detection to clinical and economic impact.

Peer reviewedOpen accessInfluenzaSurveillance
DOI 10.33321/cdi.2026.50.020 ↗

Report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2019

Jenna Hassall, Lauren Kutzner, Suzie Whitehead +3 more

Communicable Diseases Intelligence

Type
Journal article
Scope
Australia

Why it matters nowThe report highlights a high hospital burden from confirmed influenza admissions, alongside moderate severity as indicated by intensive care unit admission proportions, and very low influenza-attributed mortality.

Peer reviewedOpen accessInfluenzaCOVID-19Surveillance
DOI 10.33321/cdi.2026.50.021 ↗

Report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2020–2021

Suzie Whitehead, Jenna Hassall, Lauren Kutzner +2 more

Communicable Diseases Intelligence

Type
Journal article
Scope
Australia

Why it matters nowThe report documents an unprecedented two-year suppression of influenza activity in Australia concurrent with COVID-19 PHSMs, providing a descriptive baseline relevant to understanding how non-pharmaceutical measures and pandemic-era conditions can shape seasonal influenza epidemiology.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibition mitigates inflammatory responses induced by H9N2 avian influenza virus.

Zhu S, Li B, Wang Y +3 more

Microbiology spectrum

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe authors frame the work as relevant to mitigating inflammation and lung damage associated with influenza virus infection, positioning Sotetsuflavone as a candidate HIF-1α-targeted therapeutic against influenza-associated immunopathology.

Mobility Network Analysis of the Poultry Sector in Morocco: A Tool for the Surveillance and Prevention of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Fadoua Boudouma, Yahya Farhi, Mohamed Dehhaoui +4 more

Veterinary Sciences

Type
Cross-sectional study
Scope
Morocco

Why it matters nowThe authors proposed using influential network nodes to target veterinary surveillance and control resources toward municipalities considered more likely to be involved in disease introduction or persistence, with relevance to poultry industry and public health protection.

HMGB1-targeted anti-inflammatory rBox A gene therapy for viral airway infections and systemic inflammatory disease models.

Shirey KA, Prantner D, Coughlan L +6 more

mBio

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe authors frame the work as a candidate broad-spectrum, host-directed gene therapy and rapid-response countermeasure for HMGB1-driven inflammatory diseases and emerging respiratory pathogens, although only preclinical evidence is presented.

A rapid detection of Nipah virus nucleocapsid antigen in inactivated viral cultures.

Choi G, Kim J, Lee H +15 more

Emerging microbes & infections

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe paper is relevant to outbreak preparedness because it describes a rapid antigen test intended for Nipah virus detection in settings where nucleic-acid testing may be difficult to use. The abstract frames the assay as potentially useful for point-of-care diagnosis in resource-limited contexts.

Negotiating security and resilience: planning conundrums for avian influenza control in Great Britain’s poultry systems

Mathew Hennessey, Pablo Alarcon, Paniz Hosseini +2 more

Environmental Research: Food Systems

Type
Journal article
Scope
United Kingdom

Why it matters nowThe research highlights critical gaps in agricultural risk management that could facilitate pathogen persistence and impact broader food security frameworks.

Mapping the Surveillance Data Infrastructure in the U.S. for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Akshay Deverakonda, Emily E. Ricotta, John T. Kubale

Current Epidemiology Reports

Type
Journal article
Scope
United States

Why it matters nowClarifying the scope and availability of these monitoring frameworks may streamline epidemiological investigations and support more effective emergency management strategies.

Susceptibility of calves fed unpasteurized milk from cows infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1

Kaitlyn M. Sarlo Davila, Amy L. Baker, Paola M. Boggiatto +7 more

Nature Communications

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe findings support preventing unpasteurized milk from H5N1-positive herds or suspect cows from being fed to calves and identify routes of transmission as a research priority for interventions and vaccination strategies.

Peer reviewedOpen accessInfluenzaVaccination
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1876199 ↗

Intranasal delivery of a COBRA-based protein vaccine adjuvanted with c-di-AMP enhances breadth of protective immune responses against seasonal influenza viruses

Camila C. S. Caetano, David A. Prots, Matthew H. Thomas +3 more

Frontiers in Immunology

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe findings provide preclinical evidence that a mucosally delivered vaccine strategy targeting multiple influenza antigens may be relevant to research on protection against antigenically drifted seasonal influenza strains. The evidence is limited to mouse immunogenicity and challenge outcomes and does not establish effectiveness in humans.

A preventable severe influenza A pneumonia after rituximab therapy for pemphigus vulgaris: a case report highlighting the critical role of vaccination

Nurcan Metin

International Journal of Scientific Reports

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe case draws attention to influenza infection as a reported complication in a patient receiving rituximab who had declined vaccination. Its relevance is limited to illustrating an individual clinical event and does not establish population-level risk or vaccine effectiveness.

Participant self-collected versus research coordinator-collected nasal swabs for respiratory viral surveillance following influenza-like illness

Michelle Kautz, Kat Schmidt, Stephanie A. Richard +12 more

Frontiers in Public Health

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowFindings support self-collected nasal swabs as a feasible surveillance option that may enable earlier sampling and higher pathogen detection, particularly when collected within 7 days of symptom onset.

Detecting and supporting COVID-19 outbreak response in a small-scale nursing home through passive wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2

Min Ki Jeon, Doris Yoong Wen Di, Maria Steadmon +7 more

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowImplementing affordable environmental monitoring could strengthen early warning capabilities within congregate living arrangements. Establishing standardized operational procedures alongside environmental tracking may improve institutional readiness during infectious disease events.

A bivalent inactivated influenza vaccine incorporating epitope-optimized surface proteins confers cross-protective immunity against H9N2 influenza virus

Mengchan Hao, Yiwei Guan, Meng Xu +4 more

Emerging Microbes & Infections

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe work addresses agricultural and zoonotic risk management by testing a sequence-driven vaccine strategy intended to sustain efficacy despite continuous viral mutation.

Peer reviewedOpen accessInfluenzaTreatment
DOI 10.1128/spectrum.02656-25 ↗

Systems-level insights into age-dependent innate immune responses in influenza B infection

Shikha Saxena, Gurleen Kaur, Preeti Vishwakarma +9 more

Microbiology Spectrum

Type
Journal article
Scope
Not classified

Why it matters nowThe authors frame the work as identifying potential therapeutic targets to improve outcomes of influenza B infection in elderly populations, highlighting age-dependent innate immune dysregulation as a relevant concern.