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疾病概览

细菌性

肉毒杆菌中毒

Botulism

有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日

肉毒杆菌中毒是一种由肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium botulinum)产生的肉毒毒素引起的罕见且可能致命的疾病[1][2]。该病以对称性下行性弛缓性麻痹为特征,若未治疗可导致呼吸衰竭和死亡[3]。2021年美国报告了273例确诊和可能病例,其中婴儿肉毒中毒占66%,伤口肉毒中毒占24%,食源性肉毒中毒占8%[1]。肉毒中毒不会在人与人之间直接传播[1][2]

阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
定义

肉毒杆菌中毒是一种由肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌产生的肉毒神经毒素引起的罕见且可能致命的疾病[1][2]。根据毒素来源的不同,主要分为三种类型:食源性肉毒中毒(摄入预形成毒素)、婴儿肉毒中毒(肠道内芽孢萌发产生毒素)和伤口肉毒中毒(伤口感染芽孢后产生毒素)[3]。肉毒神经毒素被认为是已知最 potent 的生物物质,通过切割神经肌肉接头处的SNARE蛋白来抑制神经递质释放,导致肌肉麻痹[3]。人类肉毒中毒主要由A、B、E型毒素引起,少数由F型引起[2]

临床特征

肉毒杆菌中毒的早期症状包括明显的疲劳、无力和眩晕,随后出现视力模糊、口干和吞咽及说话困难[2]。其他症状可能包括呕吐、腹泻、便秘和腹部胀气[1][2]。病情可进展为颈部和手臂无力,随后影响呼吸肌和下肢肌肉[2]。该病以下行性弛缓性麻痹为特征,通常不伴发热或意识丧失[1][2]。症状通常在接触后12至36小时出现,范围为4小时至8天[2]。婴儿肉毒中毒的症状包括便秘、食欲减退、无力、哭声改变和明显的头部控制丧失[2]

流行病学

2021年美国共报告273例确诊和可能病例,其中婴儿肉毒中毒占主导地位[1]。婴儿肉毒中毒仍以散发为主,但存在明显的地理差异;加州占婴儿病例的25%,宾夕法尼亚州占12%[1]。1990年至2000年间,美国疾病控制与预防中心记录了263例食源性病例来自160起事件,病死率为4%[1]。英国1989年发生的最大规模食源性肉毒中毒暴发与 hazelnut yogurt 相关,共27例病例,1例死亡[1]

传播/暴露

肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌芽孢广泛存在于土壤和水中,具有很强的耐受性,在低氧条件和特定温度下萌发并产生毒素[1][2]。食源性肉毒中毒因食用含有毒素的食物而发生[1]。婴儿肉毒中毒发生在婴儿摄入肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌芽孢后,芽孢在肠道内定植并释放毒素,通常发生在1岁以下的婴儿身上,因为此前的肠道保护机制尚未发育完全[1][2]。伤口肉毒中毒最常见于注射街药的人群,芽孢通过伤口进入后在无氧环境下释放毒素[1]。肉毒中毒不会在人与人之间直接传播[1][2]

预防

预防主要依靠适当的食品加工和处理方法[1]。毒素(而非芽孢)可通过加热至85°C以上超过5分钟而被破坏[1]。芽孢可通过高压灭菌(湿热120°C至少15分钟)或干热(160°C 2小时)或辐射来杀灭[1]。商业罐装过程中,I组菌株的芽孢在121°C加热3分钟即可被灭活[1]。目前尚无获得FDA批准的肉毒中毒疫苗,研究中的候选疫苗包括DNA疫苗、病毒载体疫苗和重组蛋白疫苗[4]

参考文献
  1. 1Wikipedia contributors. Botulism - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 12 Aug 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism
  2. 2World Health Organization. Botulism [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism
  3. 3Rawson AM et al. Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum. Virulence. 2023 Dec. PMID: 37157163. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2205251.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37157163/
  4. 4Sundeen G et al. Vaccines against Botulism. Toxins (Basel). 2017 Sep 2. PMID: 28869493. doi: 10.3390/toxins9090268.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28869493/
  5. 5Dong M et al. Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem. 2019 Jun 20. PMID: 30388027. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111654.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30388027/
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ICD-10
ICD-11
核心统计
累计病例
3K
峰值月份
2009-04
覆盖区间
40 个报告国家 · 1933-01-01 → 2026-09-01

数据覆盖

报告国家和地区

40 个国家/地区

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数据获取

本页面数据索引,含来源链接和更新信息。

行数4,813
更新2026-09-01
范围
分块20
来源38 序列 · 1,577 观测
官方数据来源机构、频率与说明53
Austria

Austria AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases

Austria

来源
每月official_monthly_csv

AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.

Australia

Australia NINDSS

Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.

Australian Capital Territory, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Australian Capital Territory

Australian Capital Territory, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Australian Capital Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

New South Wales, Australia

Australia NINDSS — New South Wales

New South Wales, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for New South Wales, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Northern Territory, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Northern Territory

Northern Territory, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Northern Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Queensland, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Queensland

Queensland, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Queensland, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

South Australia, Australia

Australia NINDSS — South Australia

South Australia, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for South Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Tasmania, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Tasmania

Tasmania, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Tasmania, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Victoria, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Victoria

Victoria, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Victoria, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Western Australia, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Western Australia

Western Australia, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Western Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Belgium

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Belgium Annual Baseline

Belgium

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Belgium annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Bulgaria

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Bulgaria Annual Baseline

Bulgaria

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Bulgaria annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Brazil

Brazil DATASUS SINAN

Brazil

来源
每月ftp_dbc

Brazil Ministry of Health DATASUS/SINAN public DBC microdata aggregated to national monthly notification counts.

Canada

Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual

Canada

来源
ANNUAL网页

Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.

Ontario, Canada

Public Health Ontario IDTO Monthly

Ontario, Canada

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Ontario-level current-year preliminary monthly case counts from Public Health Ontario's IDTO report.

Switzerland

Switzerland FOPH IDD

Switzerland

来源
每周rest_api

Switzerland FOPH/BAG IDD mandatory reporting API normalized to national case rows. Monthly series may use the dashboard CHFL aggregate where CH-only monthly series are not exposed.

Cyprus

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Cyprus Annual Baseline

Cyprus

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Cyprus annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Czechia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Czechia Annual Baseline

Czechia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Czechia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Germany

Germany RKI SurvStat 2.0

Germany

来源
每周official_webforms_csv_export

RKI SurvStat national weekly notification export; raw ZIP exports are retained and recent weeks are overwritten for revisions.

Denmark

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Denmark Annual Baseline

Denmark

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Denmark annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Estonia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Estonia Annual Baseline

Estonia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Estonia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Spain

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Spain Annual Baseline

Spain

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Spain annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Finland

Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register

Finland

来源
每月cube_csv

Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register national monthly case counts. The current month is ingested as provisional and the latest three months are refreshed for source revisions.

France

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — France Annual Baseline

France

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

France annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

United Kingdom

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — United Kingdom Annual Baseline

United Kingdom

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

United Kingdom annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Greece

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Greece Annual Baseline

Greece

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Greece annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Hong Kong, China

Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases

Hong Kong, China

来源
每月开放数据

Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals

Croatia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Croatia Annual Baseline

Croatia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Croatia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Hungary

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Hungary Annual Baseline

Hungary

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Hungary annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Ireland

Ireland HPSC Notifiable Diseases Hub

Ireland

来源
每周official_arcgis_feature_service

Ireland HPSC national weekly notifiable-disease totals from the official ArcGIS FeatureServer. Internal ingestion is enabled; public release remains disabled pending written redistribution permission.

Iceland

冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板

Iceland

来源
每年Power BI 看板

冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报;历史值可能追溯修订,并保持年度总量口径。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署性病监测看板

Iceland

来源
月度事实(按季度发布)Power BI 看板

实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实;官方看板按季度发布。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板

Iceland

来源
每周Power BI 看板

按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数;住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记

Iceland

来源
年度与月度官方 Excel

1997—2021 年官方历史登记表,年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报

Iceland

来源
每月官方 Excel

Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数;与登记通报不可比并保持独立。

Italy

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Italy Annual Baseline

Italy

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Italy annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Japan

日本 NIID/JIHS 周报

Japan

来源
每周网页

日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。

South Korea

Korea KDCA EID

South Korea

来源
每月open_api_or_portal_download

Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.

Liechtenstein

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Liechtenstein Annual Baseline

Liechtenstein

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Liechtenstein annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Lithuania

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Lithuania Annual Baseline

Lithuania

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Lithuania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Luxembourg

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Luxembourg Annual Baseline

Luxembourg

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Luxembourg annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Latvia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Latvia Annual Baseline

Latvia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Latvia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Malta

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Malta Annual Baseline

Malta

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Malta annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Netherlands

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Netherlands Annual Baseline

Netherlands

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Netherlands annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Norway

Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank

Norway

来源
每月official_json_api

Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.

Poland

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Poland Annual Baseline

Poland

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Poland annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Portugal

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Portugal Annual Baseline

Portugal

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Portugal annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Romania

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Romania Annual Baseline

Romania

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Romania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Sweden

Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet

Sweden

来源
每月official_html_csv

Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.

Singapore

Singapore CDA Weekly Infectious Diseases Bulletin

Singapore

来源
每周official_csv_and_workbook

Singapore national weekly case notifications, combining the official data.gov.sg 2012–2022 CSV history with CDA annual workbooks from 2023 onward; 2023 weekly PDFs are retained as a source fallback.

Slovenia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovenia Annual Baseline

Slovenia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Slovenia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Slovakia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovakia Annual Baseline

Slovakia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Slovakia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Taiwan, China

Taiwan, China CDC NIDSS

Taiwan, China

来源
每月开放数据

Taiwan, China monthly notifiable infectious disease open-data CSV feed.

分块公开数据

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