肉毒杆菌中毒是一种由肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌产生的肉毒神经毒素引起的罕见且可能致命的疾病[1][2]。根据毒素来源的不同,主要分为三种类型:食源性肉毒中毒(摄入预形成毒素)、婴儿肉毒中毒(肠道内芽孢萌发产生毒素)和伤口肉毒中毒(伤口感染芽孢后产生毒素)[3]。肉毒神经毒素被认为是已知最 potent 的生物物质,通过切割神经肌肉接头处的SNARE蛋白来抑制神经递质释放,导致肌肉麻痹[3]。人类肉毒中毒主要由A、B、E型毒素引起,少数由F型引起[2]。
疾病概览
细菌性肉毒杆菌中毒
Botulism
肉毒杆菌中毒是一种由肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium botulinum)产生的肉毒毒素引起的罕见且可能致命的疾病[1][2]。该病以对称性下行性弛缓性麻痹为特征,若未治疗可导致呼吸衰竭和死亡[3]。2021年美国报告了273例确诊和可能病例,其中婴儿肉毒中毒占66%,伤口肉毒中毒占24%,食源性肉毒中毒占8%[1]。肉毒中毒不会在人与人之间直接传播[1][2]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
肉毒杆菌中毒的早期症状包括明显的疲劳、无力和眩晕,随后出现视力模糊、口干和吞咽及说话困难[2]。其他症状可能包括呕吐、腹泻、便秘和腹部胀气[1][2]。病情可进展为颈部和手臂无力,随后影响呼吸肌和下肢肌肉[2]。该病以下行性弛缓性麻痹为特征,通常不伴发热或意识丧失[1][2]。症状通常在接触后12至36小时出现,范围为4小时至8天[2]。婴儿肉毒中毒的症状包括便秘、食欲减退、无力、哭声改变和明显的头部控制丧失[2]。
2021年美国共报告273例确诊和可能病例,其中婴儿肉毒中毒占主导地位[1]。婴儿肉毒中毒仍以散发为主,但存在明显的地理差异;加州占婴儿病例的25%,宾夕法尼亚州占12%[1]。1990年至2000年间,美国疾病控制与预防中心记录了263例食源性病例来自160起事件,病死率为4%[1]。英国1989年发生的最大规模食源性肉毒中毒暴发与 hazelnut yogurt 相关,共27例病例,1例死亡[1]。
肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌芽孢广泛存在于土壤和水中,具有很强的耐受性,在低氧条件和特定温度下萌发并产生毒素[1][2]。食源性肉毒中毒因食用含有毒素的食物而发生[1]。婴儿肉毒中毒发生在婴儿摄入肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌芽孢后,芽孢在肠道内定植并释放毒素,通常发生在1岁以下的婴儿身上,因为此前的肠道保护机制尚未发育完全[1][2]。伤口肉毒中毒最常见于注射街药的人群,芽孢通过伤口进入后在无氧环境下释放毒素[1]。肉毒中毒不会在人与人之间直接传播[1][2]。
预防主要依靠适当的食品加工和处理方法[1]。毒素(而非芽孢)可通过加热至85°C以上超过5分钟而被破坏[1]。芽孢可通过高压灭菌(湿热120°C至少15分钟)或干热(160°C 2小时)或辐射来杀灭[1]。商业罐装过程中,I组菌株的芽孢在121°C加热3分钟即可被灭活[1]。目前尚无获得FDA批准的肉毒中毒疫苗,研究中的候选疫苗包括DNA疫苗、病毒载体疫苗和重组蛋白疫苗[4]。
- 1Wikipedia contributors. Botulism - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 12 Aug 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism
- 2World Health Organization. Botulism [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism
- 3Rawson AM et al. Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum. Virulence. 2023 Dec. PMID: 37157163. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2205251.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37157163/
- 4Sundeen G et al. Vaccines against Botulism. Toxins (Basel). 2017 Sep 2. PMID: 28869493. doi: 10.3390/toxins9090268.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28869493/
- 5Dong M et al. Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem. 2019 Jun 20. PMID: 30388027. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111654.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30388027/
数据覆盖
报告国家和地区
各报告国家的趋势
月度变化趋势
研究雷达
近期相关研究
Foodborne Botulism in Canada, 1985–2005
Emerging Infectious Diseases
文献链接仅用于发现研究,不会改变或验证上方的监测序列。
数据获取
本页面数据索引,含来源链接和更新信息。
官方数据来源机构、频率与说明53
Austria AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases
Austria
AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.
Australia NINDSS
Australia
Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.
Australia NINDSS — Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Australian Capital Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — New South Wales
New South Wales, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for New South Wales, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Northern Territory
Northern Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Northern Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Queensland
Queensland, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Queensland, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — South Australia
South Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for South Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Tasmania
Tasmania, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Tasmania, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Victoria
Victoria, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Victoria, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Western Australia
Western Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Western Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Belgium Annual Baseline
Belgium
Belgium annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Bulgaria Annual Baseline
Bulgaria
Bulgaria annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Brazil DATASUS SINAN
Brazil
Brazil Ministry of Health DATASUS/SINAN public DBC microdata aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual
Canada
Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.
Public Health Ontario IDTO Monthly
Ontario, Canada
Ontario-level current-year preliminary monthly case counts from Public Health Ontario's IDTO report.
Switzerland FOPH IDD
Switzerland
Switzerland FOPH/BAG IDD mandatory reporting API normalized to national case rows. Monthly series may use the dashboard CHFL aggregate where CH-only monthly series are not exposed.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Cyprus Annual Baseline
Cyprus
Cyprus annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Czechia Annual Baseline
Czechia
Czechia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Germany RKI SurvStat 2.0
Germany
RKI SurvStat national weekly notification export; raw ZIP exports are retained and recent weeks are overwritten for revisions.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Denmark Annual Baseline
Denmark
Denmark annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Estonia Annual Baseline
Estonia
Estonia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Spain Annual Baseline
Spain
Spain annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register
Finland
Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register national monthly case counts. The current month is ingested as provisional and the latest three months are refreshed for source revisions.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — France Annual Baseline
France
France annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — United Kingdom Annual Baseline
United Kingdom
United Kingdom annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Greece Annual Baseline
Greece
Greece annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases
Hong Kong, China
Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Croatia Annual Baseline
Croatia
Croatia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Hungary Annual Baseline
Hungary
Hungary annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Ireland HPSC Notifiable Diseases Hub
Ireland
Ireland HPSC national weekly notifiable-disease totals from the official ArcGIS FeatureServer. Internal ingestion is enabled; public release remains disabled pending written redistribution permission.
冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板
Iceland
冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报;历史值可能追溯修订,并保持年度总量口径。
冰岛卫生署性病监测看板
Iceland
实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实;官方看板按季度发布。
冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板
Iceland
按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数;住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。
冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记
Iceland
1997—2021 年官方历史登记表,年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。
冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报
Iceland
Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数;与登记通报不可比并保持独立。
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Italy Annual Baseline
Italy
Italy annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
日本 NIID/JIHS 周报
Japan
日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。
Korea KDCA EID
South Korea
Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Liechtenstein Annual Baseline
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Lithuania Annual Baseline
Lithuania
Lithuania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Luxembourg Annual Baseline
Luxembourg
Luxembourg annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Latvia Annual Baseline
Latvia
Latvia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Malta Annual Baseline
Malta
Malta annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Netherlands Annual Baseline
Netherlands
Netherlands annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank
Norway
Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Poland Annual Baseline
Poland
Poland annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Portugal Annual Baseline
Portugal
Portugal annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Romania Annual Baseline
Romania
Romania annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet
Sweden
Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.
Singapore CDA Weekly Infectious Diseases Bulletin
Singapore
Singapore national weekly case notifications, combining the official data.gov.sg 2012–2022 CSV history with CDA annual workbooks from 2023 onward; 2023 weekly PDFs are retained as a source fallback.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovenia Annual Baseline
Slovenia
Slovenia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovakia Annual Baseline
Slovakia
Slovakia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.
Taiwan, China CDC NIDSS
Taiwan, China
Taiwan, China monthly notifiable infectious disease open-data CSV feed.