COVID-19是由SARS-CoV-2冠状病毒引起的传染病，于2019年末出现并迅速传播至全球[1]。世界卫生组织于2020年3月宣布其为全球公共卫生紧急事件[1]。
疾病概览
新型冠状病毒感染
COVID-19
有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
冠状病毒病2019（COVID-19）是由冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2引起的一种传染病。该病于2020年1月开始传播，最终蔓延全球，形成COVID-19大流行[1]。2020年3月，世界卫生组织宣布COVID-19为全球公共卫生紧急状态，并于2023年5月宣布紧急状态结束[1]。后COVID-19状态（长新冠）的全球综合患病率约为43%，住院患者的患病率高于非住院患者[2]。
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COVID-19的症状包括发烧、疲劳、咳嗽、呼吸急促、嗅觉丧失和味觉丧失[1]。症状可能在接触病毒后1至14天出现。至少三分之一感染者不会出现明显症状[1]。在出现症状的患者中，大多数（81%）为轻至中度症状，14%出现严重症状，5%出现危重症状（包括呼吸衰竭或多器官功能障碍）[1]。部分患者会出现持续数月或数年的持续症状（长新冠），包括疲劳、认知问题和呼吸急促[1][2]。疲劳是最常见的长期症状，患病率为23%，其次是记忆问题（14%）[2]。
后COVID-19状态（长新冠）在28天后的全球综合患病率为0.43（95%置信区间：0.39-0.46）[2]。住院患者的估计值为0.54，非住院患者为0.34[2]。区域患病率估计分别为：亚洲0.51、欧洲0.44、美国0.31[2]。30天、60天、90天和120天后的全球患病率分别估计为0.37、0.25、0.32和0.49[2]。COVID-19感染与急性脑血管病有前所未有的强关联[3]。
COVID-19传播发生在含病毒颗粒被吸入或接触到眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴时[1]。当人们近距离相处时风险最高，但含有病毒的小型空气颗粒可以保持悬浮状态并传播更远距离，特别是在室内[1]。传播也可能发生在人们接触被病毒污染的表面或物体后触摸眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴时[1]。建模研究表明，传播动态受多种条件影响，包括隔离、旅行限制和干预措施的效果[1]。
社会距离（又称身体距离）包括旨在通过减少个人之间的密切接触来减缓疾病传播的感染控制措施[1]。方法包括隔离、旅行限制以及关闭学校、工作场所、体育场馆、剧院或购物中心[1]。个人可以通过留在家中、限制旅行、避免拥挤区域、使用无接触问候方式以及与他人保持身体距离来实施社会距离方法[1]。2020年，监狱因拥挤和无法执行充分的社会距离而暴发疫情[1]。
- 1Wikipedia contributors. COVID-19 - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19
- 2Chen C et al. Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. J Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 1. PMID: 35429399. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac136.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35429399/
- 3Siegler JE et al. Cerebrovascular Disease in COVID-19. Viruses. 2023 Jul 21. PMID: 37515284. doi: 10.3390/v15071598.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37515284/
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官方数据来源机构、频率与说明45
Australia NINDSS
Australia
Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.
Australia NINDSS — Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Australian Capital Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — New South Wales
New South Wales, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for New South Wales, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Northern Territory
Northern Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Northern Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Queensland
Queensland, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Queensland, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — South Australia
South Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for South Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Tasmania
Tasmania, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Tasmania, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Victoria
Victoria, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Victoria, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Western Australia
Western Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Western Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Switzerland FOPH IDD
Switzerland
Switzerland FOPH/BAG IDD mandatory reporting API normalized to national case rows. Monthly series may use the dashboard CHFL aggregate where CH-only monthly series are not exposed.
China CDC Weekly
China
Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.
National Disease Control and Prevention Administration
China
Official China public health bulletin and query portal.
PubMed
China
Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.
Public Health Science Data Center
Anhui, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Anhui, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Chongqing, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Chongqing, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guangdong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guangdong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Gansu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Gansu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Henan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Henan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jiangsu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jiangsu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Sichuan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Sichuan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shandong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shandong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shanghai, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shanghai, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Xinjiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Xinjiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Zhejiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Zhejiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register
Finland
Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register national monthly case counts. The current month is ingested as provisional and the latest three months are refreshed for source revisions.
Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases
Hong Kong, China
Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals
冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板
Iceland
冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报；历史值可能追溯修订，并保持年度总量口径。
冰岛卫生署性病监测看板
Iceland
实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实；官方看板按季度发布。
冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板
Iceland
按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数；住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。
冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记
Iceland
1997—2021 年官方历史登记表，年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。
冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报
Iceland
Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数；与登记通报不可比并保持独立。
日本 NIID/JIHS 周报
Japan
日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。
New Zealand PHF Science Monthly Notifiable Diseases
New Zealand
PHF Science (formerly ESR) monthly notifiable disease surveillance data via internal globalID2 crawler
Taiwan, China CDC NIDSS
Taiwan, China
Taiwan, China monthly notifiable infectious disease open-data CSV feed.