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疾病概览

细菌性

白喉

Diphtheria

有证据支持的资料英文 6/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日

白喉是由产毒型白喉棒状杆菌引起的传染性细菌感染[1][2]。尽管许多感染呈无症状或轻症过程,但重症病例具有显著的死亡风险,尤其在未接种疫苗的人群中[1][2]。该病在20世纪30年代前曾广泛流行,目前在全球范围内持续存在,当代疫情爆发日益与免疫覆盖率下降及卫生系统中断有关[2]。持续的疫苗接种计划仍是实现人群层面控制的基础策略[2]

阅读完整临床与流行病学资料7
定义

白喉是一种急性传染病,由白喉棒状杆菌定植黏膜后释放的外毒素驱动[1][2]。病原体主要靶向上呼吸道,在此处毒素介导的组织破坏促进了局部病变及潜在的全身播散[2]。该病被归类为疫苗可预防的细菌性疾病,其严重程度和致死率直接取决于菌株特异性毒素的产生[1]

临床特征

症状通常在暴露后两至七天出现并逐渐进展[1][2]。初始表现常包括发热、咽痛、声音嘶哑、颈部淋巴结肿大及全身乏力[1][2]。在两至三天内,坏死的呼吸道上皮会凝结成致密的灰白色假膜,可能机械性阻塞气道并影响吞咽功能[1][2]。全身性毒素吸收可能引发心肌炎、周围神经病变、肾功能损害及血小板减少症,在未治疗的可感人群中病死率接近百分之三十[2]

流行病学

白喉在引入疫苗之前曾是全球范围内儿童发病和死亡的主要原因,自20世纪30年代广泛接种白喉类毒素疫苗以来,发病率大幅下降[2]。据估计,1980—2000年间含白喉成分的联合疫苗预防了90%以上的病例[2]。然而,由于疫苗接种不足,近年来各地区疫情再次增多;目前没有世卫组织区域完全没有白喉,免疫覆盖率低的地区为细菌传播提供了条件,使所有未接种和未全程接种者面临更高的暴发风险[2]。白喉的基本再生数估计在1.7–4.3之间,在暴发环境中仅靠疫苗接种能在约28%的情境中阻断传播,提示需要结合其他干预措施[3]

传播/暴露

白喉是一种由产毒细菌引起的传染性疾病,可通过人际传播途径扩散。感染者咳嗽或打喷嚏时产生的呼吸道飞沫是主要的传播方式,细菌也可通过人与人之间的直接接触进行传播[2][3]。除了呼吸道传播外,人们还可能通过接触被感染者的开放性溃疡或伤口而感染。值得注意的是,部分感染者虽未表现出临床症状,但仍可将细菌传播给他人;无症状携带者在其感染期内所导致的续发病例数量比有症状病例少约76%。在密切接触者中,家庭成员、暴露于患者分泌物者以及与感染者频繁密切接触者感染风险更高。未经治疗的病例平均带菌时间约为18.5天,95%的病例在48天内可清除白喉杆菌。疫苗接种虽能显著降低传播风险(接种3剂百日咳类毒素疫苗可使传播减少60%),但接种者仍可能发生细菌定植并继续传播,因此单靠疫苗接种不足以在大多数暴发环境中阻断传播。

高风险人群
仅有英文来源内容

本章节暂无经来源支持的信息。

预防

通过将白喉类毒素疫苗常规纳入国家免疫规划来维持群体免疫力[2]。标准程序要求在婴儿早期启动三剂基础免疫系列,并在儿童期和青春期补充多次加强接种,以维持持久的保护力[2]。公共卫生操作优先加强初级保健服务网络建设,快速识别并接种免疫不足人群,以及部署针对性暴发响应以切断传播途径[2]

参考文献
  1. 1Wikipedia contributors. Diphtheria - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria
  2. 2World Health Organization. Diphtheria [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diphtheria
  3. 3Truelove SA et al. Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 24. PMID: 31425581. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz808.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425581/
  4. 4World Health Organization. Diphtheria [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diphtheria
编码登记
ICD-10
A36
ICD-11
1C15
核心统计
累计病例
115K
累计死亡
9
峰值月份
2026-05
覆盖区间
25 个报告国家 · 1924-01-01 → 2026-09-01

数据覆盖

报告国家和地区

25 个国家/地区

月度变化趋势

研究雷达

近期相关研究

查看全部研究 →

显示 20 篇相关论文中的 5 篇。

文献链接仅用于发现研究,不会改变或验证上方的监测序列。

数据获取

本页面数据索引,含来源链接和更新信息。

行数6,055
更新2026-09-01
范围
分块22
来源23 序列 · 2,002 观测
官方数据来源机构、频率与说明61
Austria

Austria AGES Radar for Infectious Diseases

Austria

来源
每月official_monthly_csv

AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.

Australia

Australia NINDSS

Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.

Australian Capital Territory, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Australian Capital Territory

Australian Capital Territory, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Australian Capital Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

New South Wales, Australia

Australia NINDSS — New South Wales

New South Wales, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for New South Wales, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Northern Territory, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Northern Territory

Northern Territory, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Northern Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Queensland, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Queensland

Queensland, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Queensland, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

South Australia, Australia

Australia NINDSS — South Australia

South Australia, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for South Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Tasmania, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Tasmania

Tasmania, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Tasmania, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Victoria, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Victoria

Victoria, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Victoria, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Western Australia, Australia

Australia NINDSS — Western Australia

Western Australia, Australia

来源
每月Power BI 看板

Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Western Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.

Belgium

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Belgium Annual Baseline

Belgium

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Belgium annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Brazil

Brazil DATASUS SINAN

Brazil

来源
每月ftp_dbc

Brazil Ministry of Health DATASUS/SINAN public DBC microdata aggregated to national monthly notification counts.

Canada

Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual

Canada

来源
ANNUAL网页

Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.

Switzerland

Switzerland FOPH IDD

Switzerland

来源
每周rest_api

Switzerland FOPH/BAG IDD mandatory reporting API normalized to national case rows. Monthly series may use the dashboard CHFL aggregate where CH-only monthly series are not exposed.

China

China CDC Weekly

China

来源
MONTHLY网页

Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.

China

National Disease Control and Prevention Administration

China

来源
MONTHLY网页

Official China public health bulletin and query portal.

China

PubMed

China

来源
MONTHLY网页

Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.

Anhui, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Anhui, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Anhui, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Anhui, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Chongqing, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Chongqing, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Chongqing, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Chongqing, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Guangdong, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Guangdong, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Guangdong, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Guangdong, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Gansu, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Gansu, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Gansu, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Gansu, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Henan, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Henan, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Henan, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Henan, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Jiangsu, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Jiangsu, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Jiangsu, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Jiangsu, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Sichuan, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Sichuan, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Sichuan, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Sichuan, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Shandong, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Shandong, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Shandong, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Shandong, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Shanghai, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Shanghai, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Shanghai, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Shanghai, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Xinjiang, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Xinjiang, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Xinjiang, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Xinjiang, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Zhejiang, China

Public Health Science Data Center

Zhejiang, China

来源
每年official_datacenter_spreadsheet

Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.

Zhejiang, China

Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report

Zhejiang, China

来源
每月official_provincial_report

Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.

Czechia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Czechia Annual Baseline

Czechia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Czechia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Germany

Germany RKI SurvStat 2.0

Germany

来源
每周official_webforms_csv_export

RKI SurvStat national weekly notification export; raw ZIP exports are retained and recent weeks are overwritten for revisions.

Spain

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Spain Annual Baseline

Spain

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Spain annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Finland

Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register

Finland

来源
每月cube_csv

Finland THL Infectious Diseases Register national monthly case counts. The current month is ingested as provisional and the latest three months are refreshed for source revisions.

France

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — France Annual Baseline

France

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

France annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

United Kingdom

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — United Kingdom Annual Baseline

United Kingdom

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

United Kingdom annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Hong Kong, China

Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases

Hong Kong, China

来源
每月开放数据

Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals

Iceland

冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板

Iceland

来源
每年Power BI 看板

冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报;历史值可能追溯修订,并保持年度总量口径。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署性病监测看板

Iceland

来源
月度事实(按季度发布)Power BI 看板

实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实;官方看板按季度发布。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板

Iceland

来源
每周Power BI 看板

按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数;住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记

Iceland

来源
年度与月度官方 Excel

1997—2021 年官方历史登记表,年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。

Iceland

冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报

Iceland

来源
每月官方 Excel

Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数;与登记通报不可比并保持独立。

Italy

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Italy Annual Baseline

Italy

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Italy annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Japan

日本 NIID/JIHS 周报

Japan

来源
每周网页

日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。

South Korea

Korea KDCA EID

South Korea

来源
每月open_api_or_portal_download

Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.

Luxembourg

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Luxembourg Annual Baseline

Luxembourg

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Luxembourg annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Latvia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Latvia Annual Baseline

Latvia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Latvia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Netherlands

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Netherlands Annual Baseline

Netherlands

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Netherlands annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

Norway

Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank

Norway

来源
每月official_json_api

Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.

Sweden

Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet

Sweden

来源
每月official_html_csv

Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.

Singapore

Singapore CDA Weekly Infectious Diseases Bulletin

Singapore

来源
每周official_csv_and_workbook

Singapore national weekly case notifications, combining the official data.gov.sg 2012–2022 CSV history with CDA annual workbooks from 2023 onward; 2023 weekly PDFs are retained as a source fallback.

Slovakia

ECDC Surveillance Atlas — Slovakia Annual Baseline

Slovakia

来源
每年official_ecdc_rest_aggregate

Slovakia annual Member-State reported case counts from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas. Missing topic/year cells remain unknown and published zeroes are preserved. Data provided by ECDC based on data reported by EU/EEA Member States.

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