高致病性禽流感A(H5N1)病毒是甲型流感病毒的一个亚型，引起禽流感（俗称"禽流感"）。该病毒在多种鸟类中呈地方性流行（enzootic），并已形成跨物种、跨地区的泛动物界流行（panzootic）[1]。当前全球流行的病毒株被归类为2.3.4.4b分支，与早期毒株相比，该分支已适应感染更广泛的物种，包括哺乳动物[2][3]。
疾病概览
人感染高致病性禽流感
H5N1
有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
高致病性禽流感A(H5N1)病毒是甲型流感病毒的一个亚型，可导致禽流感（俗称"禽流感"）。该病毒在许多鸟类种群中呈地方性流行，并已呈现跨物种传播的泛全球流行态势。自2020年以来，H5N1亚型禽流感疫情持续在各大洲发生，当前流行毒株为2.3.4.4b分支。人类可通过与感染禽类的密切、无防护接触而感染，症状从轻微到严重不等，约50%的确诊人类病例出现重症肺炎并最终死亡[1]。2024年，H5N1病毒首次在美国的奶牛中被检测到，并出现奶牛间传播，已有农场工人因接触感染奶牛而感染的报道[2][3]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
人类感染H5N1病毒后，症状从无症状或轻微疾病到重症乃至死亡不等，临床表现包括发热、腹泻、咳嗽，重症病例可发展为严重肺炎[1]。眼部症状如结膜炎也有报告[4]。人类感染后约50%出现严重后果，包括死亡[1]。在哺乳动物中，包括人类，H5N1流感（包括低致病性和高致病性）较为罕见，但症状严重程度可从轻微到致命不等[1]。
H5N1疫情自2020年起持续在全球蔓延，各洲均有病例报告[1]。自1997年以来，已有23个国家报告人类感染病例[1]。为遏制病毒传播，已有约5亿只养殖禽鸟被扑杀[1]。2024年，H5N1病毒2.3.4.4b分支首次在奶牛中被检测到，引发美国多州持续暴发，牛奶中检测到高浓度病毒[2]。目前人际传播极为罕见，且每次暴发仅限于少数人[1]。
H5N1病毒通过感染禽类的唾液、黏液和粪便排毒，也可通过呼吸道分泌物和乳汁等体液传播[1][2]。传播途径主要包括与感染禽类的密切接触、接触被污染物质，以及食用感染禽类[1]。某些野生水鸟是甲型流感病毒的无症状携带者，可感染家禽和其他物种[1]。当前2.3.4.4b分支已显示出跨物种传播能力，可在奶牛间传播，并传播至接触的猫、浣熊、啮齿动物、负鼠和家禽[2][3]。美国乳制品农场工人中已报告因接触感染奶牛而感染的人间病例，这被视为首次记录的哺乳动物到人类的传播事件[2]。
预防措施主要包括避免与感染禽类的密切接触，在接触禽类时采取防护措施[1]。治疗方面，神经氨酸酶抑制剂（如扎那米韦和奥司他韦）是主要推荐抗病毒药物，在感染后早期使用可减轻症状严重程度，也可作为暴露后预防用药[1]。
- 1Wikipedia contributors. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1
- 2Mostafa A et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in dairy cattle: origin, evolution, and cross-species transmission. mBio. 2024 Dec 11. PMID: 39535188. doi: 10.1128/mbio.02542-24.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39535188/
- 3Peacock TP et al. The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals. Nature. 2025 Jan. PMID: 39317240. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08054-z.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39317240/
- 4Webby RJ et al. An Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Clade 2.3.4.4b. J Infect Dis. 2024 Sep 23. PMID: 39283944. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiae379.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39283944/
- 5Krammer F et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1: history, current situation, and outlook. J Virol. 2025 Apr 15. PMID: 40145745. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02209-24.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40145745/
- J09
- 1E30.0
数据覆盖
报告国家和地区
各报告国家的趋势
月度变化趋势
研究雷达
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官方数据来源机构、频率与说明26
China CDC Weekly
China
Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.
National Disease Control and Prevention Administration
China
Official China public health bulletin and query portal.
PubMed
China
Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.
Public Health Science Data Center
Anhui, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Anhui, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Chongqing, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Chongqing, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guangdong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guangdong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Gansu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Gansu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Henan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Henan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jiangsu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jiangsu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Sichuan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Sichuan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shandong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shandong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shanghai, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shanghai, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Xinjiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Xinjiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Zhejiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Zhejiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
日本 NIID/JIHS 周报
Japan
日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。