脊髓灰质炎是一种高度传染性的病毒感染，其特征为经口进入、随后在肠道内繁殖，并可能侵入中枢神经系统[1][2]。该病原体主要通过粪-口途径的直接人际接触传播，尽管受污染的水或食物等共用资源偶尔也可能促进传播[2]。一旦神经组织受损，该病在易感人群中可迅速进展为急性弛缓性麻痹[1]。
疾病概览
脊髓灰质炎
Poliomyelitis
有证据支持的资料英文 7/7 个适用章节 · 中文 7/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
脊髓灰质炎是一种高度传染性的病毒性传染病，主要影响幼儿，并可迅速侵入神经系统导致瘫痪[1][2]。自1988年全球消灭脊髓灰质炎倡议启动以来，全球发病率已从历史高峰在多个地方性流行国家下降超过99%[1][3]。尽管野生脊髓灰质炎病毒二型和三型已被消除，但一型仍在有限的地方性流行地区持续传播，维持着国际扩散的持续风险[3][2]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料8
大多数感染者表现为无症状，或出现轻度且自限性的前驱症状，包括发热、疲劳、头痛、呕吐、颈部僵硬和肌肉骨骼疼痛，这些症状通常在十天内缓解[1]。约每两百例感染中有一例会进展为不可逆的瘫痪，主要累及下肢[1]。在发展为麻痹性疾病的患者中，当呼吸肌群麻痹时，有百分之五至十面临致命结局[1]。
随着全球消灭脊髓灰质炎倡议的建立，全球发病率经历了显著下降，从估计在多个地方性流行国家的三十五万例降至原数量的极小部分[1]。1994年至2014年间，多个世卫组织区域正式认证了野生脊髓灰质炎病毒的传播中断，反映了持续的区域控制努力[1]。目前传播仅存在于两个地方性流行国家，但该病原体仍具备在任何人群免疫力不足的地区或通过跨境输入重新恢复传播的能力[3]。
主要传播通过粪-口途径的直接人际接触发生，而继发传播偶尔可能涉及受污染的水或食品供应等共用资源[2]。摄入后，病毒在胃肠道内大量繁殖，随后可能播散至神经组织[1]。临床潜伏期通常为七至十天，但无症状携带或迟发发病期可延长至四至三十五天[2]。
五岁以下儿童是经历严重神经并发症和永久性残疾的主要人群[1]。任何未接受推荐免疫接种或缺乏既往血清学免疫力的个体，均面临显著升高的感染易感性[1]。居住在或途经存在活跃地方性传播或疫苗接种率偏低地区的群体，面临更高的暴露概率及疾病重新引入的风险[3]。
疾病控制完全依赖于常规免疫接种，因为治疗干预无法逆转已形成的神经损伤[1]。接种多剂疫苗可提供持久保护，口服和灭活疫苗的计划性部署则根据区域流行病学状况量身定制[1]。维持持续的高疫苗接种覆盖率对于防止病毒传入此前已清除的区域以及消除残余传播链至关重要[1]。
公共卫生监测工作通过全球消灭脊髓灰质炎倡议进行集中协调，该倡议在受影响或高风险管辖区优先开展综合疾病监测与针对性免疫接种活动[1]。持续的监测基础设施对于检测残余传播以及验证跨国界野生脊髓灰质炎病毒传播的中断至关重要[1]。因此，对监测数据的解读必须强调预警能力和跨境协调，以防止此前已认证无脊灰区域的再次出现[1]。
- 1World Health Organization. Poliomyelitis [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis
- 2World Health Organization. Poliomyelitis (polio) [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis
- 3World Health Organization. Poliomyelitis [Internet]. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/poliomyelitis
- A80
- 1C81
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近期相关研究
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Vaccine
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MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
显示 9 篇相关论文中的 5 篇。
文献链接仅用于发现研究，不会改变或验证上方的监测序列。
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本页面数据索引，含来源链接和更新信息。
官方数据来源机构、频率与说明46
Australia NINDSS
Australia
Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.
Australia NINDSS — Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Australian Capital Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — New South Wales
New South Wales, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for New South Wales, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Northern Territory
Northern Territory, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Northern Territory, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Queensland
Queensland, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Queensland, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — South Australia
South Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for South Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Tasmania
Tasmania, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Tasmania, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Victoria
Victoria, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Victoria, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Australia NINDSS — Western Australia
Western Australia, Australia
Australian NINDSS monthly state/territory notifications for Western Australia, kept separate from the Australia national aggregate.
Canada PHAC CNDSS Annual
Canada
Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.
China CDC Weekly
China
Monthly notifiable infectious disease reports published by China CDC.
National Disease Control and Prevention Administration
China
Official China public health bulletin and query portal.
PubMed
China
Biomedical literature discovery feed used as supplementary context.
Public Health Science Data Center
Anhui, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Anhui, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Chongqing, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Chongqing, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Guangdong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Guangdong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Gansu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Gansu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Henan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Henan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Jiangsu, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Jiangsu, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Sichuan, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Sichuan, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shandong, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shandong, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Shanghai, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Shanghai, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Xinjiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Xinjiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Public Health Science Data Center
Zhejiang, China
Chinese province-level historical monthly observations; this higher-priority source overlays overlapping official monthly reports.
Provincial statutory infectious disease monthly report
Zhejiang, China
Province-level statutory infectious disease report published by the responsible health authority.
Hong Kong, China CHP Notifiable Diseases
Hong Kong, China
Hong Kong, China CHP annual notifiable infectious disease CSVs normalized to national monthly totals
冰岛卫生署年度传染病看板
Iceland
冰岛全国分病种年度病例通报；历史值可能追溯修订，并保持年度总量口径。
冰岛卫生署性病监测看板
Iceland
实验室与登记监测的月度性病诊断事实；官方看板按季度发布。
冰岛卫生署呼吸道感染周度看板
Iceland
按 ISO 周记录的呼吸道疾病诊断数；住院、样本和疫苗指标不计入诊断数。
冰岛卫生署历史传染病登记
Iceland
1997—2021 年官方历史登记表，年度与月度事实按原始粒度保留。
冰岛卫生署历史 ICD 临床月报
Iceland
Saga 电子病历 ICD 就诊数；与登记通报不可比并保持独立。
日本 NIID/JIHS 周报
Japan
日本 NIID/JIHS 周度传染病监测数据。
Korea KDCA EID
South Korea
Korea KDCA notifiable infectious disease OpenAPI or portal/KOSIS downloads aggregated to national monthly notification counts.
Norway FHI MSIS Statistics Bank
Norway
Norway FHI MSIS national monthly notifications from the official Allvis frontend API; adapter contract checks guard the unversioned endpoint.
Sweden Public Health Agency SmiNet
Sweden
Sweden SmiNet national monthly reported cases from the official Public Health Agency statistics pages; public release is enabled with closed-month publication and revisable recent-month refreshes.
Singapore CDA Weekly Infectious Diseases Bulletin
Singapore
Singapore national weekly case notifications, combining the official data.gov.sg 2012–2022 CSV history with CDA annual workbooks from 2023 onward; 2023 weekly PDFs are retained as a source fallback.