沙门氏菌病是由沙门氏菌属（革兰阴性、运动的、不产芽孢的兼性厌氧杆菌，属于肠杆菌科）细菌引起的症状性感染性疾病，大多数病例属于食源性疾病范畴[3][4]。沙门氏菌属包含两个种：邦戈沙门氏菌（Salmonella bongori）和肠道沙门氏菌（Salmonella enterica），后者又涵盖多个亚种及血清型[4]。其中肠道沙门氏菌伤寒血清型（S. typhi）和副伤寒血清型（S. paratyphi A、B、C）仅感染人类并引起肠热症，而非伤寒沙门氏菌血清型（NTS）则主要引起胃肠炎[3]。
疾病概览
细菌性沙门氏菌病
Salmonellosis
有证据支持的资料英文 5/7 个适用章节 · 中文 5/7 个适用章节更新于 2026年9月3日
沙门氏菌病是由沙门氏菌属细菌引起的感染性疾病，是全球范围内急性细菌性胃肠炎的主要病因之一，公共卫生意义重大。该病主要通过受污染的动物源性食品传播，与家禽和猪肉产业关系尤为密切。沙门氏菌包括超过2600个已表征的血清型，其中不到100个血清型可导致人类感染，临床表现从自限性胃肠炎到危及生命的肠热症不等。鉴于抗菌素耐药性尤其是多重耐药菌株的不断上升，该病的防控亟需采用“同一健康”理念下的综合策略[1][2][3]。
阅读完整临床与流行病学资料6
沙门氏菌病通常表现为自限性胃肠道症状，病程多为两至七天，严重程度可从轻度至重度不等。常见临床表现包括腹泻、发热、腹痛及呕吐，症状多在暴露后十二至三十六小时内出现。部分重症病例可能引发脱水，而老年人、婴幼儿及免疫功能低下者更易发展为严重疾病。极少数情况下细菌可入血引发败血症，但较为罕见[1][4]。
沙门氏菌病是全球公认的急性细菌性胃肠炎最主要的病因之一，主要源于动物源性产品尤其是家禽和猪肉的摄入[1]。在美国，疾控中心估计沙门氏菌病每年约导致135万例发病、26500例住院和420例死亡；其中沙门氏菌肠炎血清型每年约通过鸡蛋造成142000人感染，约30人死亡[4]。在1990至2006年间，死亡证书分析共鉴定出1316例沙门氏菌相关死亡，主要集中于老年人和免疫功能低下者[4]。欧洲地区也曾发生多起大规模食源性暴发，如2012年7月由Foppen公司污染烟熏三文鱼引发的沙门氏菌汤普森暴发，在荷兰造成超过1060例感染和4例死亡；同年另一涉及7个欧盟国家的肠炎斯坦利沙门氏菌感染事件影响超过400人[4]。家禽和猪肉是主要传播来源，牛肉、鱼类及果蔬等非动物源性食品也可成为传播媒介[2]。此外，抗细胞因子自身抗体（尤其是抗IFN-γ自身抗体）相关的免疫缺陷综合征患者中，超过半数病例可观察到沙门氏菌感染，该综合征在东南亚地区报告病例最多[5]。
沙门氏菌主要通过食用受污染的食品和水传播，涵盖从农场到餐桌的整个食物链过程[2][3]。动物源性食品（尤其是家禽及其制品）是首要传播媒介，其次是牛肉、猪肉、鱼类，此外还包括水果和蔬菜等非动物源性食品[2]。人与人之间的传播可通过直接接触感染者或间接接触受污染的食品和水实现[3]。在工业化生产中，家禽屠宰加工过程中的污染可使大量鸡肉产品携带沙门氏菌，从而成为重要的传播来源[4]。
沙门氏菌病的预防与控制策略建立在两大基础之上：一是通过卫生、生物安全或食品策略降低动物中的沙门氏菌流行水平；二是在人类层面加强感染防护[1]。在食物链层面，需在农场、加工、分销和消费者各环节采取综合措施，包括正确处理食品、避免交叉污染以及彻底烹饪，以降低感染风险并保障食品安全[1]。肠热症的具体预防措施包括对高风险人群接种疫苗、改善卫生条件、促进食品安全以及发现和控制慢性带菌者[3]。鉴于抗菌素耐药性日益严峻，亟需开发抗生素替代方案并实施跨部门的“同一健康”综合防控策略[1][2]。
- 1Galán-Relaño Á et al. Salmonella and Salmonellosis: An Update on Public Health Implications and Control Strategies. Animals (Basel). 2023 Nov 27. PMID: 38067017. doi: 10.3390/ani13233666.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067017/
- 2Lamichhane B et al. Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jan 13. PMID: 38247636. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13010076.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38247636/
- 3Qamar FN et al. Salmonellosis Including Enteric Fever. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2022 Feb. PMID: 34794677. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2021.09.007.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34794677/
- 4Wikipedia contributors. Salmonellosis - Wikipedia [Internet]. Wikipedia. cited 3 Sept 2026.Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonellosis
- 5Shih HP et al. Anti-interferon-γ autoantibody-associated immunodeficiency. Curr Opin Immunol. 2021 Oct. PMID: 34175547. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.007.PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175547/
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Salmonellosis in Poultry: Study of Its Spread and The Effectiveness of Antibiotics Against It
Global Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Methods of Combating Salmonellosis in Calves in Azerbaijan
Bulletin of Science and Practice
SALMONELLOSIS OF WATERFOWL
Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology
Salmonellosis Outbreak in a Rottweiler Kennel Associated with Raw Meat-Based Diets
Animals
Rethinking the fight against pig-related human salmonellosis in the European union.
Porcine health management
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Austria
AGES Radar monthly national source. Internal ingestion retains native categories; public release is disabled pending licence review.
Australia NINDSS
Australia
Australian national notifiable diseases surveillance dashboard.
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New South Wales, Australia
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Canada is the national jurisdiction; subdivision feeds are registered separately.
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